EXAM #1 (Ch. 1-7, 41) Flashcards by Casey Myles Jones

what is inverse square

how do you calculate it

radiation intensity decreases as distance increases

doubling distance decreases intensity 4x

intensity1 = (distance2)^2
/
instensity2 = (distance1)^2

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what is ionization

what are two ionizing electromagnetic radiations

breaking atomic bonds, adding or subtracting electrons (making it pos. or neg.)

x-rays + gamma rays

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what causes ionization

total dose

rate of dose

age

type of radiation

cell sensitivity

body part irradiated

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what is the difference between a gamma ray and x-ray

the origin

x-rays = tube

gamma = decompostion of nuclide

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what are the two major sources of radiation

1 natural sources:

cosmic rays: particles emitted by sun and stars

terrestrial radiation: emitted from deposits of uranium, thorium etc.

radionuclides: part of human metabolism, potassium-40

x-rays: largest source

other contributors: nuclear power plants, industrial sources, smoke detectors, televisions, and airport surveillance.

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who discovered x-rays and when

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895

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who invented flouroscopy and when

Thomas Edison in 1896

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who was the first x-ray fatality in the US

Clarence Dally

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[ * ] what are the three cardinal rules of radiation protection

time

distance

sheilding
• protective barriers
• protective devices
– 0.23 - 1.0 mm lead equivalent

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what is the dose limit for workers per year

pregnant women

fetus

00 rads worker
50 rads pregnant
05 rads fetus

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does stochastic radiation have a threshold

what are its risks

no threshold

random in nature

can cause cancer or genetic effects

occurrence increases with dose

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[?] the fetus is most radiosensitive at what time point of gestation

0 - 7 weeks

8 - 15 weeks

16 - 23 weeks

24 - 31 weeks

8 - 15 weeks

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where do we wear our badges

between chest and waist

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what type of badge do we wear

dosimeter

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what is exposure

what is the conventional and SI unit

what is the conversion to metric

number of ionization in a given quantity of air

conventional unit:
1 Roentgen (R)

SI unit:
C = Coulomb

1 Roentgen (R) = 2.58 x 10^-4 C/kg

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what is absorbed dose

what is the conventional and SI unit

what is the conversion to metric

measures amount of energy absorbed

conventional unit:
1 rad

SI unit:
1 Gray (Gy)

conversion:
1 Gy = 100 rad

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what is equivalent dose

absorbed dose and radiation weighting

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what is effective dose

sum of the equivalent doses of specific tissues

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1 rad = ___ Gy

0.01 Gy

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1 Gray = ___ rad

100 rad

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1 rad = ___ Gy or ___ cGy or ___ mGy

1 rad = 0.01 Gy or 1 cGy or 10 mGy

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describe the bohr atom

positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in well-defined orbits

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what is the charge of a neutron

neutral

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what is the charge of an electron

negative

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what is the charge of a proton

positive

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which is bigger? proton or electron

proton

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which is bigger? neutron or electon

neutron

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what is atomic number (Z#)

distinguishes elements by number of protons contained in nucleus

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what is atomic mass number (A#)

protons and neutrons combined

neglects the mass of an atom’s electrons

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what is electron binding energy (Eb)

how is strength related

energy needed to eject electron from atom

related to how close electron is to nucleus (closer = less strong)

Eb increases as Z# increases

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how do binding energies change based on what shell you’re in and in what material (Z#) you’re talking about

binding energies are stronger as the shells go further out

they increase with Z# (because the bigger the z#, the more protons, the more electrons, the more shells (octet rule))

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what is an isotope

an atom with a changed number of neutrons

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what are the types of ionizing radiation

particulate and electromagnetic

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what is the relationship between electromagnetic waves and velocity

Velocity of all EM radiation is c

c = 3 x 10^8 m/sec

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[ * ] what is the relationship (equation) between frequency and wavelength

velocity = frequency * wavelength

V = ν * λ

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what is the relationship between frequency and energy of EM waves

energy = wavelength * frequency

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how does energy affect the waves behavior

when do they act like particles

electrons exist in wave form until they are observed

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what is wave particle duality

every elementary particle or quantic entity may be partly described in terms not only of particles, but also of waves

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what is potential energy

capacity to do work due to an objects position

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what is kinetic energy

work through motion

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what is chemical energy

energy released through chemical reactions

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what is electrical energy

work accomplished when electrons move through a wire

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what is thermal energy

energy of molecular motion (heat)

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what is nuclear energy

energy within the nucleus of an atom

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what is electromagnetic energy

radiation

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what is excitation

temporary elevation of energy

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what is ALARA

as low as reasonably achievable

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does deterministic radiation have a threshold

what are its risks

there is a threshold

cataracts, skin erythema, sterility

once threshold is surpass: an increase in dose will increase the severity of response

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[?] when wearing a protective apron the personal monitoring badge should be worn…

under apron at waist

under apron at collar

outside apron at waist

outside apron at collar

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[?] which of the following is measured in air

Rad/GY

Rem/Sv

KERMA

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[?] which of the following is the product of absorbed dose and the radiation weighting factor

integral dose
equivalent dose
effective dose

equivalent dose

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[?] which of the following categories does cancer caused by radiation fit in

threshold

stochastic

deterministic

stochastic

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[?] which of the following is NOT a cardinal rule of radiation protection

time

low technique

distance

shielding

low technique

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what happens if you change the Z#

you change the element

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what is the order and electron capacity of shells

K, L, M, N, O, P, Q

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

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what are alpha particles

how massive

travel distance

high energy helium
2 protons and 2 neutrons

large amount of mass and charge

can travel 5cm in air

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what are beta particles

how massive

travel distance

electrons from decaying radioactive material

little mass and charge

can travel 10-100 cm in air

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[?] which of the following types of radiation can’t travel 10+ cm

xray

gamma

beta

alpha

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[? REVIEW] what two things affect binding energy

distance of electron to nucleus

how many protons (more protons = more attraction)

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[? REVIEW] what particle has lots of energy but little mass

neutrons

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[? REVIEW] can we direct radiation (focus it)

no, we can just block it

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[? REVIEW] if we’re talking about particles, we have two types (alphas and betas) which is most penetrating and why

betas, they can go farther because they’re lighter and have more energy

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[? REVIEW] when we say that x-rays can ionate something, what do they change and what is the bi-product

they get rid of an electron

bi-product: radicals

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how to convert Gy to rad

how to convert rad to Gy

if given Gy * by 100 to get rad

if given rad * by .01 to get Gy

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what are the two types of personnel monitoring devices

optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter

poket dosimeter

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[PQ1] Energy is measured in _____.

a. kilograms
b. joules
c. electron volts
d. B or C

d. B or C

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Atoms and molecules are the fundamental building blocks of _____.

a. energy
b. radiation
c. matter
d. gravity

c. matter

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The formula E=mc2 is the basis for the theory that led to the development of _____.

a. x-rays
b. electromagnetic radiation
c. nuclear power
d. cathode ray tubes

c. nuclear power

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Radio waves, light, and x-rays are all examples of _____ energy.

a. nuclear
b. thermal
c. electrical
d. electromagnetic

d. electromagnetic

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What is the removal of an electron from an atom called?

a. ionization
b. pair production
c. irradiation
d. electricity

a. ionization

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The energy of x-rays is _____.

a. thermal
b. potential
c. kinetic
d. electromagnetic

d. electromagnetic

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The biggest source of man-made ionizing radiation exposure to the public is _____.

a. atomic fallout
b. diagnostic x-rays
c. smoke detectors
d. nuclear power plants

b. diagnostic x-rays

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The basic quantities measured in mechanics are _____, _____, and _____.

a. volume, length, meters
b. mass, length, time
c. radioactivity, dose, exposure
d. meters, kilos, seconds

b. mass, length, time

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_____ is a special quantity of radiologic science.

a. Mass
b. Velocity
c. Radioactivity
d. Momentum

c. Radioactivity

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Exposure is measured in units of _____.

a. becquerel
b. sieverts
c. meters
d. grays

d. grays

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Today, radiology is considered to be a(n) _____ occupation.

a. safe
b. unsafe
c. dangerous
d. high-risk

a. safe

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What does ALARA mean?

a. All Level Alert Radiation Accident
b. As Low As Reasonably Achievable
c. Always Leave A Restricted Area
d. As Low As Regulations Allow

b. As Low As Reasonably Achievable

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The smallest particle that has all the properties of an element is a(n) _____.

a. neutron
b. proton
c. electron
d. atom

d. atom

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A positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in well-defined orbits is the _____ model of the atom.

a. Bohr
b. Thomson
c. Rutherford
d. Dalton

a. Bohr

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What are the fundamental particles of an atom?

a. quark, positron, negatron
b. nucleon, electron, proton
c. proton, neutron, quark
d. proton, electron, neutron

d. proton, electron, neutron

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An atom in a normal state has an electrical charge of _____.

a. one
b. zero
c. positive
d. negative

b. zero

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The binding energies, or energy levels, of electrons are represented by their _____.

a. atomic numbers
b. atomic mass units
c. shells
d. isotopes

c. shells

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When an atom has the same number of protons as another, but a different number of neutrons, it is called an _____.

a. isomer
b. isobar
c. isotone
d. isotope

d. isotope

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An atom that loses or gains one or more electrons is a(n) _____.

a. ion
b. molecule
c. isotope
d. isomer

a. ion

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The maximum number of electrons that can exist in an electron shell is calculated with the formula _____.

a. 2n
b. 2n^2
c. 2/n
d. 2/n^2

b. 2n^2

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The innermost electron shell is symbolized by the letter _____.

a. J
b. K
c. L
d. M

b. K

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The atomic number of an element is symbolized by the letter _____.

a. A
b. X
c. Z
d. n

c. Z

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Two identical atoms which exist at different energy states are called _____.

a. isotopes
b. isomers
c. isotones
d. isobars

b. isomers

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During beta emission, an atom releases _____.

a. electrons
b. positrons
c. protons
d. neutrons

a. electrons

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The only difference between x-rays and gamma rays is their _____.

a. energy
b. size
c. origin
d. name

c. origin

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The four properties of photons are _____, _____, _____ and _____.

a. size, shape, spin, mass
b. frequency, mass, amplitude, wavelength
c. frequency, wavelength, velocity, amplitude
d. refraction, velocity, spin, amplitude

c. frequency, wavelength, velocity, amplitude

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The smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic radiation is a(n) _____.

a. photon
b. electron
c. neutrino
d. quark

a. photon

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What is the velocity of all electromagnetic radiation?

a. 8 × 10^3 m/s
b. 2 × 10^8 m/s
c. 3 × 10^8 m/s
d. 4 × 10^3 m/s

c. 3 × 10^8 m/s

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The rate of rise and fall of a sine wave is called its _____.

a. amplitude
b. frequency
c. wavelength
d. velocity

b. frequency

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If the wavelength of a beam of electromagnetic radiation increases by a factor of 2, then its frequency must _____.

a. double
b. increase four times
c. decrease by half
d. remain constant

c. decrease by half

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The intensity of radiation _____ in _____ proportion to the square of the distance of the object from the source.

a. increases, direct
b. decreases, direct
c. increases, inverse
d. decreases, inverse

d. decreases, inverse

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If the intensity of light from a flashlight is 4 millilumens (mlm) at a distance of 3 feet, what will the intensity be at 6 feet?

a. 0.4 millilumens
b. 1 millilumen
c. 2 millilumens
d. 16 millilumens

b. 1 millilumen

think 1/4 of

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The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its _____.

a. amplitude
b. frequency
c. velocity
d. wavelength

b. frequency

Planck’s E=h*freq.

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X-rays are usually identified by their _____.

a. energy
b. velocity
c. wavelength
d. hertz

a. energy

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Photons with the highest frequencies have the _____.

a. highest velocity
b. lowest energy
c. longest wavelengths
d. shortest wavelengths

d. shortest wavelengths

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what is radiation weighting

what units

different ionizing radiation produce different biological responses

Rem or Sv

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what is alpha radiation

the emission of an alpha particle from the nucleus of an atom

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what is beta radiation

the emission of a beta particle from the nucleus of an atom

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what is gamma radiation

emission of a high-energy wave from the nucleus of an atom

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what is x-ray radiation

the emission of a high energy wave from the electron cloud of an atom

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in the SI system, energy is measured in:

A. joules
B. ergs
C. calories
D. BTU

A. joules

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when a ball is thrown into the air, the initial kinetic energy is converted into an energy form that is best categorized as:

A. electrical
B. chemical
C. nuclear
D. potential

D. potential

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the relationship between energy (E), matter (m), and the velocity of light is ____.

A. E=mc
B. E=m/c
C. E=mc^2
D. E=m/c^2

C. E=mc^2

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power is measured in

A. joules
B. watts
C. voltages
D. amperes

B. watts

the smallest unit of matter is most likely an:

A. atom
B. molecule
C. gram-mole
D. grain

A. atom

normal constituents of atoms are least likely to be:

A. neutrons
B. protons
C. electrons
D. photons

D. photons

chemical properties of atoms are most likely determined by the number of:

A. protons
B. neutrons
C. neutrons and protons
D. photons and electrons

A. protons

the relationship between the atomic mass (A), number of protons (Z), and the number of neutrons (N) is ____.

A. A=Z+N
B. Z=A+N
C. N=A+Z
D. none of the above

A. A=Z+N

the name of the innermost electron shell is ____.

A. A
B. I
C. K
D. varies with Z

C. K

the electron capacity of the innermost shell of any atom is ____.

A. 1
B. 2
C. 4
D. 8

B. 2

electron binding energies are most likely measured in:

A. watt
B. joule
C. eV
D. horsepower

C. eV

the K-shell binding energy (keV) of oxygen is ____.

A. 0.5
B. 4
C. 20
D. 33

A. 0.5

the K-shell binding energy (keV) of lead is ____.

A. 25
B. 33
C. 70
D. 88

D. 88

the binding energy (eV) of an outer shell electron of tissue is most likely ____.

A. 1
B. 10
C. 100
D. 1000

B. 10

the speed of light (m/s) is normally taken to be ____.

A. 3x10^2
B. 3x10^4
C. 3x10^6
D. 3x10^8

D. 3x10^8

the velocity of an x-ray photon is proportional to the photon:

A. frequency
B. wavelength
C. energy
D. none of the above

D. none of the above

which has the longest wavelength

A. visible light
B. microwaves
C. radiowaves
D. x-rays

C. radiowaves

which has the highest frequency

A. radiowaves
B. microwaves
C. infrared
D. gamma rays

D. gamma rays

the energy of an electromagnetic photon with frequency (f) is proportional to ____.

A. f
B. f^0.5
C. f^2
D. 1/f

A. f

when a photon’s energy is doubled, the photon wavelength will be:

A. the same
B. doubles
C. quadrupled
D. halved

D. halved

the fall-off of intensity of an x-ray source with distance is most likely called:

A. exponential
B. linear
C. inverse square law
D. quadratic

C. inverse square law

removing an electron from an atom is likely known as:

A. ionization
B. excitation
C. isometric transition
D. annihilation

A. ionization

the charge on an atom that has lost an electron is most likely:

A. negative
B. positive
C. neutral
D. positive or negative

B. positive

which of the following is not ionizing radiation

A. radiowaves
B. microwaves
C. visible light
D. ultraviolet

D. ultraviolet

which of these is not ionizing radiation

A. gamma rays
B. x-rays
C. visible light
D. ultraviolet

C. visible light

the energy of an x-ray photon (keV) in diagnostic radiology is most likely ____.

A. 0.5
B. 5
C. 50
D. 500

C. 50

the charge on an alpha particle is ____.

A. -2
B. -1
C. +1
D. +2

D. +2

the average distance an alpha particle travels in tissue is most likely ____ mm

A. 0.1
B. 1
C. 10
D. 100

A. 0.1

a beta particle is most like a(n):

A. atom
B. proton
C. neutron
D. electron

D. electron

the distance a beta particle travels in the air is most likely ____ m

A. 0.01
B. 0.1
C. 1
D. 10

C. 1

when an object travels a distance (d) in a time (t), the velocity is ____.

A. d/t
B. t/d
C. d^2/t
D. t^2/d

A. d/t

an acceleration of zero implies that the velocity of an object is:

A. increasing
B. decreasing
C. constant
D. indeterminate

C. constant

the relationship between a force (F), mass (m), and acceleration (a) is:

A. F=ma
B. M=Fa
C. a=m*F
D. F=m+a

A. F=m*a

90°F on the centigrade scale is approx. ____.

A. 10
B. 20
C. 30
D. 40

C. 30

transmission of heat is least likely to involve:

A. conduction
B. convection
C. radiation
D. transmutation

D. transmutation

observation and investigation of charged particles is known as:

A. mechanics
B. electrostatics
C. electrodynamics
D. statics

B. electrostatics

how would doubling one of the charges affect the size of the electrostatic force

A. have no effect
B. double it
C. quadruple it
D. halve it

B. double it

units of electric voltage are:

A. joules/coulomb
B. joules/second
C. coulomb/joule
D. coulomb/second

A. joules/coulomb

observation and investigation of moving electric charges is known as:

A. electrodynamics
B. electrostatics
C. induction
D. electromagnetism

A. electrodynamics

which of the following is most likely an insulator

A. copper
B. oil
C. silver
D. tungsten

B. oil

when 10 coulombs flow through a circuit at 0.1 second, the electrical current (A) is ____.

A. 0.1
B. 1
C. 10
D. 100

D. 100

electrical resistance is measured in:

A. coulombs
B. ohms
C. amperes
D. hertz

B. ohms

the relationship between the voltage (V), electrical current (I), and resistance (R) in an electrical circuit is:

A. V=IR
B. V=I^2R
C. V=I/R
D. V=R/I

A. V=I*R

domestic AC electricity in the United States has a frequency (Hz) of ____.

A. 30
B. 60
C. 90
D. 120

the phase difference in degrees of a 3-phase power supply is ____.

A. 0
B. 45
C. 90
D. 120

D. 120

what is the power dissipation (kW) when a current of 10A flows through a circuit of 100V

Power Rating (kW)= (current * potential) / 1000

A. 1
B. 10
C. 100
D. 1000

A. 1

Power Rating (kW)= (current * potential) / 1000

kW = ( 10A * 100V ) / 1000
kW = 1000 / 1000
kW = 1

what is the non-SI unit of magnetic field strength

A. gauss
B. hertz
C. ohm
D. candela

A. gauss

the Earth’s magnetic field (uT) is most likely ____.

A. 0.5
B. 5
C. 50
D. 500

C. 50

an electromagnet most likely requires the application of:

A. electric currents
B. magnetic fields
C. mechanical forces
D. moving objects

A. electric currents

which type of magnet is easiest to turn on and off

A. natural magnet
B. permanent magnet
C. mechanical magnet
D. electromagnet

D. electromagnet

how would doubling the pole strength of two magnets affect the size of the magnetic force

A. have no effect
B. double it
C. quadruple it
D. halve it

C. quadruple it

how would doubling the distance between magnetic poles affect the size of the magnetic force

A. halve it
B. reduce to a quarter
C. double it
D. quadruple it

B. reduce to a quarter

to induce an electric current, a magnetic field needs to:

A. change
B. exceed 0.1T
C. last >1 second
D. remain constant

A. change

a rotor shaft of an x-ray tube is most likely moved by the use of a(n):

A. induction motor
B. rectifier
C. transformer
D. generator

A. induction motor

electrical power is most likely produced by a:

A. generator
B. rectifier
C. transformer
D. none of the above

A. generator

transformers are most likely used to change the magnitude of electrical:

A. voltage
B. resistance
C. frequency
D. power

A. voltage

transformers require ____ current to operate

A. DC
B. AC
C. rectified
D. constant

B. AC

if a transformer increases the voltage 100%, the change in electrical current is most likely:

A. +100%
B. +50%
C. 0% (no change)
D. -50%

D. -50%

a rectification circuit is most likely to consist of:

A. diodes
B. resistances
C. coils
D. electromagnets

A. diodes

define electrostatics

electric charges at rest

define electrification

from negative to (more) positive

define zero (or ground)

any excessive electric current will go through ground wire

[laws of electrostatics]

define repulsion-attraction

positive and negative are attracted

neg and neg repel

pos and pos repel

[laws of electrostatics]

what is inverse square law

force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of their magnitudes and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

[laws of electrostatics]

define distrubution

charges reside (mostly) on external surface of conductors in attempt to repel from each other

[laws of electrostatics]

define concentration

the greatest concentration of charges will gather at the sharpest curvature of an object

[laws of electrostatics]

what dictates movement

only negative charges will move along solid conductors

[methods of electrification]

define friction

when one object is rubbed against another

[methods of electrification]

define contact

when two objects touch

allows electrons to move from one object to another

[*] [methods of electrification]

define induction

allows electric fields to act on one another without touching

(moves parts how we want them to)

[?} which of the following types of electrification does not require the two objects to touch

A. friction
B. contact
C. induction
D. none of the above

C. induction

92% of class correct

[electrodynamics]

what is electrodynamics

electron in motion or moving

[electrodynamics]

define current flow

electrons move from high to low concentration

positive to negative

[electrodynamics]

what is the quantity of electric current

current (mA = milliamperes)

[electrodynamics]

what is mA

what is mAs

milliamperes (electrons flowing, current)

total of miliamperes per second

[electrodynamics]

what is keV

force of electron travel

potential difference

control how energetic x-rays are

[electrodynamics]

what is opposition to current flow

impedance or resistance

[electrodynamics]

alternating current

positive and negative pulse

[electrodynamics]

direct current

continual

[electrodynamics]

what is current

electrons flowing

[electrodynamics]

what is potential difference

force that drives the electrons

area of higher and lower concentration of electrons

unequal forces try to balance

[electrodynamics]

potential difference unit

voltage

[*] just remember: high voltage is always a danger, even if there is no current

high voltage is always a danger, even if there is no current

[electrodynamics]

define resistance

amount of opposition to current

[electrodynamics]

what is resistance measured in

ohms

[electrodynamics]

what are the four things resistance is dependent upon

conductivity of material

length

diameter

temperature

what is a material’s conductivity dependent on (4 items)

configuration of atom’s valence and conduction band

insulator: conduction spaced out from valence
semiconductor: conduction and valence band close
conductor: conduction and valence band overlap

length in relation to resistance?

directly related to resistance

diameter in relation to resistance?

inversely related to resistance

temperature in relation to resistance?

directly related to resistance

increased atomic motion due to increased temperature and prevents electrons from moving freely

[?] electrons flow from areas of ____ to areas of ____ charge

A. negative to positive
B. positive to negative
C. positive to neutral
D. neutral to positive

A. negative to positive

[?] the force with which an electron travels is

A. mA
B. keV
C. Sec
D. current

B. keV

87% of class

[?] which of the following reduces resistance in a wire

A. decreased length
B. decreased diameter
C. increased temperature
D. decreased conductivity

A. decreased length

67% of class

[*] Ohm’s law

V = IR

V = potential difference (volts)

I = current (amperes)

R = resistance (ohms)

[*] Power EQ

P = IV

P = power (watts)

I = current (amperes)

V = potential difference (volts)

define magnetism

orbital magnetic moment (electrons spinning around)

spin magnetic moment (electron spins on its own)

magnetism is always perpendicular (90°) to charged electron

[magnetism]

what are lines of force called

unit?

lines of flux (closer = more strength, further = less strength)

SI unit = Weber (Wb)

[magnetism]

direction of flow (outside and inside)

outside magnet - north to south

inside magnet - south to north

[magnetism]

define flux density

measured in Tesla (T) and Gauss (G)

don’t need to know: 1 T = 10000G = Wb/m^2

[magnetism]

what is earth’s magnetic field

0.0001 T or 1 G

[magnetism]

house magnet strength

0.1 T (tesla)

what are the three classifications of magnets

natural

artificial permanent

electromagnets

[laws of magnetism]

inverse square law

force between two magnetic fields is directly proportional to the product of their magnitudes and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

rule of magnetic poles

regions of magnetism always exist as a dipole no matter how small it gets

three things inverse square law applies to three things

magnetism

electric fields

gravity

[QUIZ] Technologists wear a TLD type personnel monitoring device.

True

False

[QUIZ] The common property of all electromagnetic (EM) radiation is frequency.

True

False

[QUIZ] The wavelength of an electromagnetic wave is:

inversely proportional to wave velocity

directly proportional to wave frequency

inversely proportional to wave frequency

usually designated by the letter c

inversely proportional to wave frequency

[QUIZ] Time, Distance and shielding are the cardinal rules of radiation safety.

True

False

True

[QUIZ] Which of the following creates the most ionizations in air, and has a radiation weighting factor of 4?

x-ray

beta particle

alpha particle

they are equal

alpha particle

[QUIZ] If the photon (x-ray) frequency is increased tenfold, then the

velocity will increase times 10

velocity will decrease to 10

wavelength will increase times 10

wavelength will decrease to 1/10

[QUIZ] A technologist is exposed to 10 mR of radiation at a distance of 50 cm . What distance would result in an exposure of 100mR?

5 cm

500 cm

16 cm

160 cm

16 cm

[QUIZ] Background radiation accounts for 6 mSv of exposure, man mad sources account for ____ mSv of that.

[QUIZ] In the ionization process an electron is removed from an atom. In excitation the electron is moved to a/an ___ energy state.

lower

higher

incomplete

all of the above

higher

[QUIZ] Air KERMA is an easily measured and comparable factor used for entrance skin exposure.

True

False

True

[QUIZ] Which of the following units of measure are used for patient absorbed dose?

[QUIZ] The particles that distinguish one element from another are the

neutrons

protons

electrons

beta particles

protons

[QUIZ] Thomas Edison discovered x-rays.

True
False

False

[QUIZ] A gamma ray is created in ___ and an x-ray is created in ___.

nucleus of an atom, x-ray tube

x-ray tube, nucleus of an atom

nucleus of an atom, image tube

none of the above

nucleus of an atom, x-ray tube

[QUIZ] Visible light (moderate energy) acts like a ___ while x-rays (high energy) act like a ___.

particle, particle

wave, particle

particle, wave

wave, wave

wave, particle

[QUIZ] If an electron is gained or lost from an atom, that atom becomes

an ion

a new element

an isotope

unstable

an ion

[QUIZ] 0.05 Sv or 5 rem is the yearly occupational dose limi in the US.

True

False

True

[QUIZ] What unit of measure is used for the absorbed dose multiplied by the radiation weighting factor in the SI system

rem

[QUIZ] The theory that electrons circulate in discrete circular paths was proposed by

Bohr

Einstein

Planck

Rutherford

Bohr

[QUIZ] The maximum number of electrons found in any energy level (shell) at any point in time is

2n^2

[QUIZ] Stochastic effects of radiation require a threshold dose before they are detectable.

True

False

[QUIZ] Which of the following describes a product of the absorbed dose, the radiation weighting factor and the tissue sensitivity?

Effective dose

Equivalent dose

Absorbed dose

Tissue KERMA

Effective dose

[QUIZ] The sum of protons and neutrons in a nucleus is called the

electron number

atomic weight

quantum number

atomic mass

[QUIZ] Isotopes have ______ number of protons and ________ number of neutrons compared to a stable atom of a material.

the same, the same

the same, different

different, the same

different, different

the same, different

[QUIZ] Frequency and the energy of electromagnetic waves have a ___ relationship, as explained by Plank’s equation.

directly proportional

inversely proportional

exponential

indirect linear

directly proportional

[EXAM PQ] The smallest unit of electrical charge is the _____.

a. electron
b. proton
c. neutron
d. neutrino

a. electron

[EXAM PQ] Electrification occurs through the movement of _____.

a. protons only
b. protons and electrons
c. electrons only
d. electrons and neutrons

c. electrons only

[EXAM PQ] Like charges _____ and unlike charges _____.

a. repel, repel
b. attract, attract
c. attract, repel
d. repel, attract

d. repel, attract

[EXAM PQ] Electrostatic force is _____ proportional to the distance between charges, and _____ proportional to the product of the charges.

a. directly, inversely
b. inversely, directly
c. inversely, inversely
d. directly, directly

b. inversely, directly

[EXAM PQ] The charges on an electrified object are distributed _____.

a. in the center of the object
b. on the side nearest the charge
c. on the topside of the object
d. evenly throughout the object

d. evenly throughout the object

[EXAM PQ] On the surface of an electrified object, the charges concentrate on the _____.

a. top side
b. underside
c. sharpest curvatures
d. smoothest curvatures

c. sharpest curvatures

[EXAM PQ] A _____ is a source of direct current.

a. wall socket
b. battery
c. generator
d. spark

b. battery

[EXAM PQ] What is the unit of electric potential?

a. watt
b. amp
c. volt
d. ohm

c. volt

[EXAM PQ] An electric potential applied to a conductor produces _____.

a. an electric current
b. a magnetic field
c. an electric insulator
d. both A and B

d. both A and B

[EXAM PQ] An alternating (AC) current is represented by a _____ line.

a. sinusoidal
b. horizontal
c. vertical
d. descending

a. sinusoidal

[EXAM PQ] A _____ uses direct current.

a. hair dryer
b. toaster
c. microwave
d. flashlight

d. flashlight

[EXAM PQ] Alternating current is produced by a _____.

a. battery
b. generator
c. capacitor
d. semiconductor

b. generator

[EXAM PQ] What is Ohm’s law?

a. I = V/R
b. V = I/R
c. R = VI
d. I = VR

a. I = V/R

[EXAM PQ] A charged particle in motion creates a(n) _____.

a. negative charge
b. positive charge
c. magnetic field
d. electrostatic charge

c. magnetic field

[EXAM PQ] Electrical power is measured in _____.

a. coulombs
b. amperes
c. volts
d. watts

d. watts

[EXAM PQ] Rubber and glass are _____.

a. semiconductors
b. conductors
c. insulators
d. superconductors

c. insulators

[EXAM PQ] The rotation of electrons on their axis is the property called _____.

a. magnetic force
b. electron spin
c. unified field theory
d. magnetic induction

b. electron spin

[EXAM PQ] When a group of dipoles are aligned, they create _____.

a. a magnetic domain
b. paramagnetic material
c. magnetic resonance
d. a north pole

a. a magnetic domain

[EXAM PQ] In the United States, alternating current goes through a complete cycle every _____ second.

a. 1/120
b. 1/100
c. 1/60
d. 1/30

c. 1/60

[EXAM PQ] What is the SI unit of magnetic field strength?

a. ampere
b. tesla
c. dipole
d. ohm

b. tesla

[EXAM PQ] The force between magnetic poles is proportional to the _____ of the magnetic pole strengths, divided by the _____ of the distance between them.

a. square, sum
b. sum, square
c. square, product
d. product, square

d. product, square

[EXAM PQ] What type of material can be made magnetic when placed in an external magnetic field?

a. diamagnetic
b. ferromagnetic
c. paramagnetic
d. nonmagnetic

b. ferromagnetic

[EXAM PQ] Like magnetic poles _____ and unlike magnetic poles _____.

a. attract, attract
b. repel, repel
c. repel, attract
d. attract, repel

c. repel, attract

[EXAM PQ] Water is a _____ material.

a. paramagnetic
b. magnetic
c. diamagnetic
d. ferromagnetic

c. diamagnetic

[EXAM PQ] The magnetic intensity of an electromagnet is greatly increased by the addition of a(n) _____ core.

a. wood
b. iron
c. aluminum
d. copper

b. iron

what is a magnetic dipole

an entire atom with a magnetic field (odd number of electrons)

what are magnetic domains

regions in which atoms tend to line up with their magnetic dipoles

what are diamagnetic materials, give two examples

repelled away from magnets and are referred to as diamagnetic

glass and water

what are two examples of insulators

rubber and oil

what are ferromagnetic materials, give two examples

when places in a magnetic field, their magnetic domains all line up with the field

iron and nickel

in solid objects, only ____ can move

negative charges (electrons)

what are insulators

electrons are strongly bound and not allowed to freely flow

what are semiconductors

a material in which conduction DEPENDS on specific conditions, like being hot/cold or charged/uncharged

if electrons are at rest they are measured by [coulomb/amperes]

if electrons are in motion they are measured by [coulomb/amperes]

rest = coulomb

motion = amperes

what are conductors

materials that allow electrons to pass through easily (loosely bound electrons)

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EXAM #1 (Ch. 1-7, 41) Flashcards

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