Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NS2 Test 3 > Hon--Dementia, Movement Disorders > Flashcards

Hon--Dementia, Movement Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of dementia–degenerative

A
  • Alzheimers (80%)
  • Lewy body disease
  • Parkinson’s
  • Frontotemporal Lobar degeneration
  • Progressive supranuclear palsy
  • corticobasilar degeneration
  • Multiple systems atrophy
  • Huntington’s Disease
  • Olivopontocerebellar degeneration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Causes of dementia–Vascular

A
  • Multiple infarction
  • single stroke
  • biswanger’s disease (chronic hypertension)
  • vasculitis
  • subarachnoid hemorrhage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causes of dementia–infectious

A
  • fungal meningitis
  • syphillis
  • AIDS
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
  • post-herpes simplex encephalitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Causes of dementia–psychiatric

A
  • Depression
  • Alcohol abuse
  • Drug related
  • Personality disorder
  • Anxiety disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Causes of dementia–toxic/metabolic

A 
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Thyroid deficiency
System failure (liver, renal, cardiac, resp)
Heavy metals
Toxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Causes of dementia–traumatic

A
  • Subdural hematoma
  • chronic traumatic encephalopathy
  • anoxic brain injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Causes of dementia–tumors

A
  • glioblastoma/astrocytoma
  • lymphoma
  • metastatic tumor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • dementia established by clinical exam and mini mental status exam
  • deficits in 2 or more areas of cognition
  • progressive worsening of memory and other cognitive functions
  • no disturbance of consciousness
  • onset–most >65 years of age
  • absence of systemic disorders or other brain diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Supported findings in diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • progressive deterioration of cognitive functions
  • impaired activities of daily living, altered behavior
  • family history
  • normal LP
  • EEG–normal or generalized slowing
  • progressive atrophy! MRI or CT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Treatment of Alzheimer’s

A
  • Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine)
  • NMDA R antagonist (memantine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mild Cognitive impairment (MCI)

A
  • memory complaint (often noted by patient–vs Alzheimer’s when patient thinks nothing is wrong)
  • abnormal memory for age, but does not meet criteria for dementia–normal cognitive function, normal activities of daily living
  • precursors to Alzheimer’s–5x more likely to develop
  • treat–AchEl–slow progression to Alzheimer’s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

criteria for vascular dementia

A
  • focal signs on neuro exam

- evidence of cerebrovascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vascular dementia–presence of 1 or more

A
  • onset of dementia within 3 months after stroke
  • abrupt deterioration in cognitive function
  • fluctuating, stepwise progression of cognitive deficits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lewy body–tetrad of symptoms

A
  • dementia
  • Parkinsonian symptoms (bradykinesia, rigidity, no tremor)
  • Prominent psychotic symptoms (visual hallucinations)
  • extreme sensitivity to antipsychotic agents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lewy body disease differs from Alzheimer’s how?

A
  • progresses more rapidly
  • unexplained periods of increased confusion that lasts days to weeks and then is better
  • psychotic symptoms much earlier–visual hallucinations–animals, children
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Classic delusions in Alzheimer’s disease–when?

A
  • late in disease!
  • husband thinks wife is having an affair
  • thinks someone is stealing from them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lewy body disease (vs Parkinson’s)

A
  • cortical Lewy bodies
  • dementia early in illness
  • resting tremor is absent
  • autonomic dysfunction prominent
  • hallucinations common in absence of antiparkinsonian drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Parkinson’s disease (vs Lewy body disease)

A
  • midbrain Lewy bodies
  • dementia late in disease
  • resting tremor
  • autonomic dysfunction only sometimes
  • hallucinations only in response to antiparkinsonian drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Frontotemporal degeneration

A

-dementia–deterioration of social skills and changes in personality, with impairment of intellect, memory and language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Frontotemporal degeneration–core symptoms

A
  • loss of memory
  • lack of spontaneity
  • difficulty in thinking or concentrating
  • disturbances of speech
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Frontotemporal degeneration–onset, progression

A
  • ages 40-60

- 2-10 years

22
Q

Normal pressure hydrocephalus–triad

A
  • dementia
  • gait disturbances
  • urinary incontinence
  • potentially reversible with ventriculoperitoneal shunting (gait disturbance)
23
Q

CADASIL’s disease–onset, manifests as?

A

(Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy)

  • 40-50 years of age
  • heriditary stroke disorder–NOTCH3
  • degeneration of smooth m cells in BVs
  • migraine headaches and TIA’s or strokes
  • MRI–multiple areas of ischemia prior to onset of symptoms
  • progresses to dementia
24
Q

Bradykinetic disorders

A
  • most common–Parkinsonism
  • idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (most common)
  • postencephalitic
  • toxin-induced
  • MPTP (meperidine analog)
25
Q

Parkinson’s disease–cardinal features

A
  • tremor (resting tremor, unilateral at 1st, pill rolling, mouth/chin tremor)
  • rigidity
  • bradykinesia
26
Q

Parkinson’s disease–other features

A
  • postural instability
  • hypotonia
  • hypo mimic (masked fancies)
  • decreased eye blinking
  • gait disturbance–slow, stooped forward, small steps
  • dysautonomia
  • many develop dementia
27
Q

Other Akinetic Rigid Syndromes

A

PSP
MSA
CBD

28
Q

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

A

Bradykinesia and rigidity

Loss of voluntary control of eye movements (vertical gaze)

29
Q

Multiple Systems Atrophy (MSA)

A
  • bradykinesia and rigidity

- pronounced autonomic dysfunction

30
Q

Cortical Basal Degeneration (CBD)

A
  • cortical and basal ganglionic dysfunction
  • bradykinesia and rigidity
  • cortical sensory loss, apraxia, myoclonus, aphasia (cortical functions)
31
Q

Chorea

A

Brief, dance like movements

32
Q

Writing, sinuous movements (often in combo with chorea)

A

Athetosis

33
Q

Dystonia

A

Sustained muscle contractions that produce twisting and repetitive movements and abnormal postures
-cervical–Classic

34
Q

Ballism

A

-large amplitude, flinging movement

35
Q

Tic

A

-brief, rapid, repetitive, purposeless that may involve single or multiple muscle groups

36
Q

Huntington’s disease onset

A
  • 30-50 years of age

- lifespan–15 years after onset

37
Q

Sydenham’s chorea

A
  • previous infection with group A hemolytic streptococcus
  • may be a form of arterteritis
  • unilateral choreiform movements, can be confused for restlessness or fidgeting
  • treatment–bed rest, antibiotics
38
Q

Idiopathic torsion dystonia

A
  • dystonia movements and postures without other signs

- remains throughout life

39
Q

Idiopathic torsion dystonia–clinical findings

A
  • Torticollis (neck twisted)
  • blepharospasm (forced closure of eyelids)
  • oromandibular dystonia (spasm of muscles around mouth)
  • arm–hyperpronated position, wrist flexed, fingers extended
  • leg–extension, pronation and inversion of foot
40
Q

Focal torsion dystonia

A

Dystonia confined to focal area

  • blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, spasmodic Torticollis
  • writer’s cramp (dystonic posturing of hand and forearm when used for specific task)
41
Q

Focal torsion dystonia–medication

A

BOTOX

42
Q

Wilson’s disease–onset, organ dysfunction, clinical features

A
  • decreased binding of copper to cerruloplasmin
  • childhood or young adult life!
  • neurological and hepatic dysfunction!
  • bradykinetic and hyperkinetic!
43
Q

Wilson’s disease–clinical features

A
  • bradykinetic and hyperkinetic!!
  • tremor
  • choreiform
  • rigidity
  • bradykinesia
  • dysarthria
  • ataxia
  • personality changes, dementia, psychosis if not caught!
44
Q

Wilson’s disease–diagnosis

A
  • increased copper excretion in urine
  • decreased cerruloplasmin levels
  • kayser-fleischer ring
45
Q

Wilson’s disease–treatment

A
  • penicillamine

- restriction of dietary copper

46
Q

Tic disorders

A
  • single motor tics

- Gilles de La Tourette’s syndrome–multiple motor and vocal tics with onset before age 21

47
Q

Gilles De La Tourette’s syndrome

A
  • sporadic, males
  • vocal tics–barks, hisses, grunts, throat clearing, coughing
  • may also see:
  • coprolalia (vulgar speech)
  • echolalia (parroting speech of others)
  • echopraxia (imitation of other’s movements)
  • palilalia (repition of words)
48
Q

Essential Tremor (benign familial tremor)–clinical presentation

A
  • postural or kinetic tremor of both hands, may involve head or voice
  • often not until later in life
  • progresses slowly
  • social embarrassment
  • alcohol–decreases tremor
49
Q

Essential tremor–treatment

A
  • B blockers
  • Primidone
  • Benzodiazepines
50
Q

Dementia definition

A
  • decline in memory and at least 1 other cognitive function

- decline impairs social or occupational functional in comparison with previous functioning

NS2 Test 3 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions