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World History > Chapter 1.3 > Flashcards

Chapter 1.3 Flashcards

1
Q

What tools were invented that made farming easier?

A

Hoes, sickles, and plow sticks

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2
Q

Because of the advancement in farming what happened to the population?

A

It increased because there was more food available.

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3
Q

How long did it take for villages to grow into cities?

A

Several generations.

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4
Q

List an economic change:

A

Irrigation systems were built

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5
Q

What were irrigation systems used for?

A

To have more land and to produce more crops

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6
Q

Irrigation systems resulted in food surpluses, what did this do to jobs?

A

It allowed others to pursue other jobs and learn skills other than farming.

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7
Q

What was the job of craftspeople?

A

To create valuable new products.

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8
Q

What did craftspeople create?

A

Pottery, metal objects, and woven cloth.

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9
Q

How did Traders create a profit?

A

They profited from trading craftspeople’s work, grains, and raw materials.

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10
Q

List two important inventions, and why they were useful:

A

The wheel and the sail allowed traders to move goods over long distances.

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11
Q

List a Social change:

A

The building and operation of large irrigation systems.

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12
Q

What created social changes?

A

A more complex and prosperous economy affected the social structure of village life.

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13
Q

What would happen to social classes as cities grew?

A

They would become more defined.

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14
Q

What did people believe in during the Old Stone Age?

A

They were centered around nature, animal spirits, and some idea of afterlife.

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15
Q

What did they believe in during the New Stone Age?

A

Farming people believed in many gods and goddesses who had power over the forces of nature.

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16
Q

Where do historians believe one of the first civilizations arose?

A

In Sumer located in Mesopotamia (a region of modern Iraq).

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17
Q

Define a civilization:

A

A complex culture with 5 characteristics.

  1. advanced cities
  2. specialized workers
  3. complex institutions
  4. record keeping
  5. advanced technology
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18
Q

What is the difference between a city and a village?

A

A city is a center of trade for a larger area.

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19
Q

List what specialized worked were needed as cities grew:

A

Traders
Government officials
Priests

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20
Q

Define Specialization:

A

The development of skills in a specific kind of work.

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21
Q

Define artisans:

A

Skilled workers who made goods by hand.

22
Q

How did Specialization help artisans?

A

It allowed them to develop their skills at designing jewelry, fashioning metal tools and weapons, or making clothing and pottery.

23
Q

What did artisans do for cities?

A

Helped them become the center of trade.

24
Q

How did the Inca record keep?

A

They used a quipu.

25
Q

What is a quipu?

A

A set of colored strings tied with different sized knot sat various intervals.

26
Q

What do the knots on a quipu represent?

A

A certain amount or its multiple.

27
Q

What does the color of each cord on a quipu represent?

A

The item being counted; people, animals, land, etc.

28
Q

Why was it necessary to have a system of ruling?

A

Because of large populations.

29
Q

Give an example of an institution:

A

Government

30
Q

Define institution:

A

A long lasting pattern of organization in a community.

31
Q

Give examples of complex institutions:

A

Government, religion, economy

32
Q

What happened to religion as cities grew?

A

It became a formal institution.

33
Q

What did Sumerians believe in?

A

That every. City belonged to a God who governed the cities activities.

34
Q

What was a temple used for?

A

The hub of government and religious affairs. The city’s economic center where food and trade items were distributed.

35
Q

Whip kept record of what in early civilizations?

A

Government officials documented tax collections, the passage of laws, and the storage of grain.

Priests needed a way to keep track of the calendar and important rituals.

Merchants had to record accounts of debts and payments.

36
Q

What year did the Sumerians develop writing and what was it called?

A

3000 B.C.

Called cuneiform

37
Q

Define cuneiform:

A

Wedged shaped

38
Q

What did early Sumerian writing consist of?

A

Pictographs-may bold of the object or what they represented.

39
Q

What was the scribes tool?

A

A stylus was a sharpened reed with wedged shaped point.

40
Q

What did they write on?

A

Moist clay that was then baked in the Sun to preserve writing.

41
Q

What improved technology did farmers use?

A

The power of animals and nature.

Ox-drawn plows to turn the soil.

Irrigation systems.

42
Q

What advanced technology did artisans rely on?

A

3500 B.C.they used the potters wheel to shape jugs, plates, and bowls.

43
Q

What advanced technology did Sumerian metal workers rely on?

A

That melting together certain amounts of copper and tin made bronze.

Eventually they used bronze to make weapons instead of other materials creating the Bronze Age (3000 B.C.)

44
Q

What was the earliest city in Sumer and where was it located?

A

Ur located on the banks of the Euphrates River in what is now southern Iraq.

45
Q

What houses did the people of Ur live in?

A

Windowless, one story, boxlike houses packed tightly along the street. Wealthy families lived in two story houses with courtyard.

46
Q

What was it called where the merchants traded goods?

A

The bazaar or marketplace

47
Q

Define barter

A

Trading goods and services without currency.

48
Q

Ziggurat definition:

A

Mountain of God, a pyramid shaped mountain.

49
Q

What was the ziggurat?

A

A temple. It had 100 steps to the top where animals were sacrificed and offerings were made to the gods.

50
Q

When was the ziggurat at Ur damaged and how?

A

Gulf War of 1991, Iraq parked military planes near the ziggurat, hoping coalition forces wouldn’t risk harming the ancient structure. It was not at tracks but hit by stray machine gun fire and surrounded by craters from bombs.

2003 Iraqi national museum of Baghdad attacked by looters.

World History (9 decks)

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