Lecture 7 Articulation

Question 1

Explain the two joint classification schemas (functional)

Answer 1

■Synarthrosis: immovable
■Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable
■Diarthrosis: Freely movable

Question 2

Explain the two joint classification schemas (structural)

Answer 2

■Fibrous: connected by fibers
■Cartilaginous: connected by cartilage
■Synovial: contains a joint cavity

Question 3

define synarthrosis

Answer 3

Gomphoses (tooth in socket)

Includes the root, peridontal ligaments, and alveolar process of mandible.

Question 4

define amphiarthrosis

Answer 4

Symphysis (pubic symphysis between os coxa)

Question 5

define diathrosis

Answer 5

Synovial (shoulder, knee, etc.)

Question 6

define fibrous joint

Answer 6

bones connected by fibers

Question 7

name three subtypes and give an example of each fibrous joints subtype
(be able to draw of picture of each)

Answer 7

•Gomphoses: 
◦synarthrotic
◦teeth in socket
•Suture
◦synarthrotic
◦sutures in skull (sagittal, coronal etc)
•Syndesmoses
◦Amphiarthrotic
◦interosseous membrane

Question 8

define cartilaginous joint

Answer 8

Bones connected by cartilage

Question 9

name three subtypes and give an example of each cartilaginous joints subtype
(be able to draw of picture of each)

Answer 9

•Synchondroses:
◦Synarthrotic
◦epiphyseal plate and costochondral joints between rib and costal cartilage
◦Bones connected by hyaline cartilage
•Symphyses
◦Amphiarthrotic 
◦Bones connected by fibrocartilage
◦Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis- (becomes more soft and pliable just before childbirth because of a hormone that is released)

Question 10

What is the function of each term in a typical synovial joint?
ligament
synovila fluid
articular capsule
articular cartilage
joint cavity
periosteum
ligament

(be able to draw a picture and label a synovial joint)

Answer 10

•Diarthrotic
•Ligament: connect bone to bone
•Synovial fluid: provides nutrients and reduces friction
•Articular capsule
◦Fibrous layer- dense regular connective tissue
◦Synovial membrane-produces the synovial fluid
•articular cartilage: it is hyaline cartilage
•Joint Cavity: holds synovial fluid
•Periosteum: no definitions in textbook or lecture
•Ligaments: connect the muscle to the bone

Question 11

What is bursae and what is the function of it? Where are they found in relation to articulation?

Answer 11

bag of synovial fluid that decreases friction

Question 12

What is tendon sheath and what is the function of it? Where are they found in relation to articulation?

Answer 12

Completely surrounds tendon (inflamed tendon sheath = carpal tunnel)

Question 13

What is fat pads and what is the function of it? Where are they found in relation to articulation?

Answer 13

Cushion and stabilize joint

Question 14

What is menisci and what is the function of it? Where are they found in relation to articulation?

Answer 14

Fibrocartilage in the knee

Question 15

What are the 6 types of synovial joints? Give an example of each.
(be able to draw each type)

Answer 15

1. Pivot Joint: Dens and axis
2. Hinge joint: Elbow
3. Ball-in socket joint: shoulder and hip
4. Saddle joint: thumb
5. Condylar joint: metacarpal and proximal phalanx bone
6. Plane joint: Carpal bones

Question 16

Explain the location and function of the following knee joint structure.
anterior cruciate ligament

Answer 16

connects the posterior side of the femur to the anterior surface of the tibia - prevents anterior sliding of tibia

Question 17

Explain the location and function of the following knee joint structure.
posterior cruciate ligament

Answer 17

connects the anterior side of the femur to the posterior surface of the tibia - prevents posterior sliding of tibia

Question 18

Explain the location and function of the following knee joint structure.
medial collateral ligament

Answer 18

on the medial surface of the knee joint - prevents hyperabduction of the leg at the knee, provides stability

Question 19

Explain the location and function of the following knee joint structure.
lateral collateral ligament

Answer 19

on the the lateral surface of the knee joint - prevents hyperabduction, provides stability

Question 20

Explain the location and function of the following knee joint structure.
lateral meniscus

Answer 20

between the lateral condyles - cushions the joint

Question 21

Define sprain and give a common cause

Answer 21

is a stretching or tearing of ligaments. Cause: foot is twisted (overinversion).

Question 22

define torn cartilage and give a common cause

Answer 22

Tearing of meniscus or articular cartilage. Cause: Blow to knee. need surgery to fix since it is avascular.

Question 23

Define dislocation and give a common cause

Answer 23

Bones forced out of alignment. (sprain is usually accompanied).

Question 24

Define bursitis and give a common cause

Answer 24

inflammation of bursa because of a blow or friction.

Question 25

Define tendinitis and give a common cause

Answer 25

inflammation of a tendon or tendon sheath because of overuse.

Question 26

Explain the cause and symptoms of gouty arthritis

Answer 26

Cause: increase levels of uric acid in the blood. Symptoms: joint pain, often begins with the big toe and then progresses. Fusion between articular surfaces of bones.

Question 27

Explain the cause and symptoms of osteoarthritis

Answer 27

“wear-and-tear”. Old age. Articular cartilage is broken down and bone rubs against bone. Symptoms: Weight-bearing joints are most affected.

Question 28

Explain the cause and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 28

Cause: autoimmune disorder in which the body’s immune system targets its own tissues for attack. Symptoms: swelling. increase synovial fluid volume. bone ends fuse together.