Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Esthetics > Ch. 7: Chemistry > Flashcards

Ch. 7: Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

____ chemistry deals with all matter that is now living or was alive.

A

Organic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The process of a substance losing an electron is called _____.

A

oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_____ are matter with a definite weight and volume but no shape.

A

Liquids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

_____ are matter with a definite weight, volume, and shape.

A

Solids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the branch of science that deals with chemicals and their reactions within the body?

A

biochemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

____ is the basic material the body uses to construct itself.

A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a mixture of two or more chemicals in which each component is evenly dispersed?

A

Solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____ water may contain salts such as calcium and magnesium.

A

Hard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an even dispersion of a solid substance in a liquid base?

A

Suspension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which ingredient is compatible with both water and oil?

A

Emulsifier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What makes up the largest percentage of many cosmetic skin care products?

A

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the scientific study of matter and the physical and chemical changes affecting matter?

A

Chemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which type of chemistry deals with all matter that is not alive or never will be?

A

Inorganic chemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Skin care lotions are an example of what form of matter?

A

Liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The joining of hydrogen and oxygen to form water is an example of _____ change.

A

chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A change in the physical form of a substance without creating a new substance possessing a distinct material composition is an example of _____ change.

A

physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

All matter–whether living or non-living, solid, liquid, or gas–is made up of ____.

A

elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The ____ ____ identifies how many protons are in a single atom of an element.

A

atomic number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which of the following are the smallest complete units of an element?

A

atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The part of the atom that has no electrical charge is the _____.

A

neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the chemical symbol for sulfur?

A

S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What types of atoms have evenly paired electrons in their outermost orbit shell?

A

Stable atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When no “trading” is taking place and the atoms are sharing the electrons, they are held together by a(n)…

A

covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 3 major biochemical compound groups?

A

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the measurement that indicates whether a substance is acidic, neutral, or alkaline?

A

pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the normal pH of skin?

A

4.5-5.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a substance consisting of two non-mixable substances?

A

Emulsions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the oils and oil-soluble substances named that are used to condition and soften the skin?

A

Emollients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which common ingredient group has benefits that include being anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-irritant, and anti-oxidant?

A

Botanicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What active ingredient is used to prevent skin inflammation and damage due to free radicals?

A

Antioxidants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What current government agency is responsible for regulation of cosmetics?

A

FDA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is a group of products intended to treat symptoms or cure a medical condition?

A

Drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

____ is the study of chemical reactions, such as growth, reproduction, and respiration, that occur within a living organism.

A

Biochemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

____ ____ deals with all matter that is now living or was living.

A

Organic chemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Water freezing to form ice cubes is an example of ____ change.

A

physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

During a physical change, is there a change in chemical structure?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

____ is the ability to do work to accomplish some change.

A

Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

_____ are basic units of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical reaction.

A

Elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How many naturally occurring elements are there?

A

92

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the unifying concept used to organize elements and their similarities?

A

Periodic law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust?

A

Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does the chemical behavior of an atom mostly depend upon?

A

The number of electrons present in the outermost orbiting path or shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

A ____ is the smallest particle of a compound that has all the chemical properties of that compound.

A

molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

____ are created by chemically uniting two different elements.

A

Compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Scientists have identified more than ____ chemical compounds.

A

4 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

True or False: Compounds have their own unique chemical and physical characteristics.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

When positive and negative ions join, how are they held together?

A

by an ionic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

____ is when a substance gains an electron and oxygen is released.

A

Reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the forces that hold atoms together in compounds called?

A

chemical bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

____ help the body construct and renew itself.

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

There are ___ common amino acids.

A

22

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

____ serve as building blocks that connect with each other to form larger, more complex compounds.

A

Monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What does the body use to create and store energy?

A

proteins and carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Carbohydrates play a key role in ____.

A

metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Carbohydrates contain a combination of what 3 elements arranged in a chain?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen; C H O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

____ release a hydrogen ion and are positively charged.

A

Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

The pH scale is ___, which means each each step increases by multiples of 10.

A

logarithmic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the range of the pH scale?

A

0 - 14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Where are acids located on the pH scale?

A

below 7

60
Q

What number is a neutral pH?

A

7

61
Q

Pure distilled water has a pH of ___.

A

7

62
Q

___ water contains very few minerals.

A

Soft

63
Q

A ____ is formed when two or more compounds are blended together physically.

A

mixture

64
Q

Most skin care products are what product type?

A

mixtures

65
Q

The liquid part of a solution is called the ___ and the solid, or dissolved part, is called the ___.

A

solvent; solute

66
Q

____ is known as a universal solvent.

A

Water

67
Q

In cosmetics, solution-type products tend to use ___ as a solvent.

A

water

68
Q

A(n) ___ is a product that has been formulated with a thickening agent to increase its viscosity.

A

gel

69
Q

___ is a finely ground solid mixed evenly with additional ingredients.

A

Powder

70
Q

A(n) ___ is an anhydrous substance with the texture of a paste.

A

ointment

71
Q

A(n) ____ is a product packaged under pressure and blended with a propellant (gas) inside a container.

A

aerosol

72
Q

A(n) ____ is a mixture of 2 or more immiscible (non-mixable) substances united by small droplets of a binder.

A

emulsion

73
Q

___ are organic ingredients that bind water and deposit it onto the skin.

A

Humectants

74
Q

Emollients are usually in concentrations ranging between __% and __% in products.

A

2% - 10%

75
Q

___ ___ come from both plant and animal sources and are used in cosmetic products to keep them firm yet soft, and easy to apply to the skin.

A

Fatty acids

76
Q

____ are a large category of ingredients with surface activity that have the ability to bind a wide range of organic and inorganic matter to water.

A

Surfactants

77
Q

What are ingredients that help increase density in emulsions and gel-type products?

A

thickeners or viscosity modifiers

78
Q

____ are included in cosmetic products to maintain microbiological integrity or product quality during manufacturing, storage, and use.

A

Preservatives

79
Q

What are the ingredients added to a product to enhance the effectiveness of the preservative?

A

chelating agents

80
Q

What is the term for when a product is less likely to provoke an allergic reaction?

A

hypoallergenic

81
Q

Why isn’t Fragrance listed individually on product labels?

A

it’s a complex blend of many essential oils and other compounds

82
Q

What is used to cover or mask undesirable odors in the product base?

A

fragrance

83
Q

What is the range of concentration for fragrance?

A

0.1% - 0.5%

84
Q

____ ingredients destroy bacteria that can cause problems like acne or other infections.

A

Antibacterial

85
Q

What is the term for ingredients that are likely to block or clog the pores and contribute to pimples?

A

comedogenic

86
Q

What are ingredients used in certain types of treatment products to prevent skin inflammation and damage due to free radicals?

A

antioxidants

87
Q

___ ___ are chemically unstable molecules caused by environmental pollutants and UV exposure.

A

Free radicals

88
Q

What are organic acids extracted from a variety of natural sources?

A

hydroxy acids

89
Q

What skin renewal agent speeds up the natural exfoliation process and helps resolve blemishes and discoloration?

A

hydroxy acids

90
Q

If the carboxyl group is located on the second carbon atom of the chain, the ingredient is categorized as a ____ hydroxy acid.

A

beta

91
Q

____ hydroxy acids are molecules that contain several carboxyl groups in the same chain.

A

Poly

92
Q

____ are commonly used to deliver a variety of benefits to the skin.

A

Vitamins

93
Q

What ingredients are used to bleach or lighten areas of hyperpigmentation?

A

lighteners

94
Q

How do lighteners work?

A

by slowly blocking the production of melanin

95
Q

Which skin renewal agent usually takes months of continued use to deliver a noticeable effect?

A

lighteners

96
Q

Are lighteners used at relatively high or low levels of concentration?

A

relatively low

97
Q

The government authority responsible for regulating cosmetics is the ____.

A

FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

98
Q

What does FFDCA stand for?

A

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

99
Q

What does FPLA stand for?

A

Fair Packaging and Labeling Act

100
Q

The FFDA defines ____ as “articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on or introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body or as part thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering the appearance, and articles intended for use as a component of any such articles; except that such a term shall not include soaps.”

A

cosmetics

101
Q

___ are products intended to treat symptoms or cure medical conditions.

A

Drugs

102
Q

The promotion and advertising of cosmetics and many other products is regulated by the FTC, also known as the ___ ___ ___.

A

Federal Trade Commission

103
Q

Are sunscreens considered drugs or cosmetics?

A

drugs

104
Q

What is the difference between a mixture and an emulsion?

A

An emulsion consists of two immiscible or difficult-to-mix liquids. A mixture is two or more miscible compounds blended together.

105
Q

When unstable atoms combine chemically by sharing electrons, a ____ is formed.

A

molecule

106
Q

Changes in matter (always/sometimes/never) involve either gain or loss of energy.

A

always

107
Q

Organic chemistry is the study of matter containing ___.

A

carbon

108
Q

Does matter dealt with by inorganic chemistry contain carbon?

A

no

109
Q

Who is the Father of Modern Chemistry?

A

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier

110
Q

Who organized the periodic table of the elements?

A

Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer

111
Q

Anything that occupies space is called ____.

A

matter

112
Q

Matter with definite weight, but indefinite volume and shape are ____.

A

gases

113
Q

A change in a substance that creates a new substance with different material characteristics from those of the original substance is a ___ ___.

A

chemical change

114
Q

What is the primary basis for organization of the periodic table?

A

atomic number

115
Q

Electrons have a ___ charge.

A

negative

116
Q

Protons have a ___ charge.

A

positive

117
Q

The molecular weight or atomic mass of each element is determined by…

A

number of protons + number of neutrons

118
Q

Compounds are formed by the union of individual ___.

A

elements

119
Q

What are materials that dissolve and break down large molecules into smaller ones?

A

enzymes

120
Q

Amino acids join together in chains to form ___.

A

proteins

121
Q

Amino acids consist of what four elements?

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen; COHN

122
Q

A simple unit of a carbohydrate is called a ____.

A

saccharide

123
Q

____ is a term used to describe a base.

A

Alkaline

124
Q

A mixture of sebum and sweat combined with lipids, minerals, and moisture to form a protective barrier for the skin is called the ___ ___.

A

acid mantle

125
Q

In regards to pH, you should treat each client with products that…

A

balance the individual’s pH

126
Q

The term that describes when a solute will no longer dissolve evenly in the solvent is the ___ ___.

A

saturation point

127
Q

Solvents that easily mix together are ____.

A

miscible

128
Q

A hard, low-level water or anhydrous product used by rubbing the product directly on the skin is a(n) ____.

A

stick

129
Q

What ingredient is compatible with both water and oil?

A

emulsifier

130
Q

___ ingredients are responsible for producing the desired effect.

A

active

131
Q

Emollients provide a protective barrier called a(n) ___ ___.

A

occlusive barrier

132
Q

What has the ability to bind a wide variety of organic and inorganic matter to water?

A

surfactants

133
Q

What are the only substances no soluble in water?

A

organic substances

134
Q

What allows for the suspension of small particle solids in a base by creating a supporting structure to prevent settling?

A

thickeners

135
Q

What are vegetable, mineral, or pigment dyes that are added to products to enhance its appearance?

A

coloring agents

136
Q

Acids or bases used to adjust the desired product pH level are called ___ ___.

A

pH adjustors

137
Q

What is the range of concentration for sunscreen?

A

2% - 7%

138
Q

___ are used in products to block or absorb ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun.

A

Sunscreens

139
Q

What is a non-comedogenic emollient that gives products a silky feel?

A

cyclomethicone

140
Q

___ ___ are extracted from a variety of natural sources, such as fruits, sugars, and milk.

A

Hydroxy acids

141
Q

____ include monosaccharides such as glucose.

A

Carbohydrates

142
Q

Fats, steroids and triglycerides are all examples of ____.

A

lipids

143
Q

Are aerosols environmentally friendly to discard?

A

no

144
Q

The even dispersion of a solid substance in a liquid base is called a ____.

A

suspension

145
Q

Two or more compounds blended physically is called a(n) ____.

A

mixture

Esthetics (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions