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AP Human Geography > Unit 1 Maps > Flashcards

Unit 1 Maps Flashcards

1
Q

What is a GIS?

A

A collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected recorded stored retrieved manipulated analyzed and displayed to the user

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2
Q

What does GIS stand for?

A

Geographic Information System

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3
Q

What does a GIS do?

A

Take the phenomena of various thematic maps and combine/layer that information into one map to analyze the relationship amongst data

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4
Q

What is a GPS?

A

a space-based global navigation satellite system that provide location and time information in all weather anywhere on earth when there in unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites

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5
Q

What does GPS stand for?

A

Global positioning system

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6
Q

Who maintains GPS?

A

the US government

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7
Q

What are two major types of maps?

A

General Reference and thematic maps

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8
Q

What are general reference maps?

A

-maps in which the base data is there for it’s own sake -the map itself is the information not the reference pointt for some other layer of data

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9
Q

What are examples of general reference maps?

A

Political, physical, topographic, climate, economic/resource, road map

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of a political map?

A

-focuses on the state and national boundaries of an area -included the location of cities -no topographical features

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of a physical map?

A

-shows the physical features of a place in eluding mountains lakes and rivers -elevation is demonstrated by a change of color, (green=low and brown=high)

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of a topographic map?

A

-shows different physical landscape features -display is different through the use of contour lines -contour lines and their spacing show changes in elevation and the rate at which it changes

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of a climate map?

A

-shows specific climate zones of an area based on the average temperature, precipitation etc. -uses colors to show difference in chosen weather condition

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of an economic/resource map?

A

-shows the specific type of economic activity or natural resources present in an area -uses different symbols or colors

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of a road map?

A

-most commonly used -shows major and minor highways and roads -use of important reference including airports, campgrounds, monuments, etc

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of a thematic map?

A

-use the base data of a map(roads, mountains etc) as reference point for some other specific information -provides specific information about a particular location -provides general information about spatial patterns -used to compare patterns on two or more maps

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17
Q

What are the five main types of thematic maps?

A

Chloropleth map, proportional symbol, contour (isarithmic) maps, dot was, asymmetric maps

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of a chloropleth map?

A
  1. -statistical data aggregated over redefined regions, such as countries or states by coloring or shading these regions -assumes relatively even distribution across the defined regions
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19
Q

What are the charateristics of a proportional symbol map?

A

-uses symbols of different sizes to represent data associated with different areas or lations within the map

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of a dot map?

A

The dot symbol remains the same size, howevere the density and number of dots represents the level of activity for that phenomenon

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of a contour/isarithmic map?

A
  • requires some continuous phenomena
  • verysimilar to topographic maps in presentation and structure
  • depicts some other phenomena than land forms
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22
Q

What are the characteristics of a dasymetric map?

A
  • similar to chloropleth map in use of it’s color
  • does not use predefined regions
  • the phenomena determines how to color within the lines
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23
Q

What are the four main cardinal directions?

A

North South East West

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24
Q

What is another name for a key?

A

a legend

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25
Q

Latitude=____________

A

Fatitude

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26
Q

What is the line of latitude at 0?

A

The Equator

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27
Q

What is at the line or latitude at 90 degrees north?

A

The north pole

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28
Q

What are lines of latitude called?

A

parallels

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29
Q

What do lines of longitude measure?

A

Distance east and west

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30
Q

What are the two end points for lines of latitude?

A

the north and south poles

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31
Q

What is the line of longitude at 0 degrees?

A

the prime meridian

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32
Q

What are lines of longitude called?

A

meridians

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33
Q

What is te primary scale used by the US?

A

1:24,000in

=1:2,000ft

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34
Q

What are the five themes of geography?

A

location, interaction, region, place, movement

35
Q

What is location?

A

the goegraphic situation of people and things, the distribution of various locations of a collection of people or objects

36
Q

What is interaction?

A

Cultural ecology, relations between cultures and the environment

37
Q

What is region?

A

an area on the earth’s surface marked by some degree of homgeneity of phenomenon

38
Q

What is place?

A

the uniqueness or sameness of a location

39
Q

What is movement?

A

The mobility of people goods and ideasacross the surface of the planet

40
Q

What is absolute location?

A

latitude and logitude, exact mathmatical measurements,

41
Q

What is relative location?

A

location of a place irelative to other places

42
Q

What are two reasons that relative location is important?

A
  • finding an unfamiliar place
  • centrality, understanding an area’s importance
43
Q

What is a cultural landscape?

A

all human induced changes that involve the surface and the biospere

44
Q

What is cultural ecology?

A

the multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and it’s natural environment

45
Q

What is environmental determinism?

A

human behavior, individualy and collectively is affected by the environment

46
Q

What is possibilism?

A

the natural environment merely serves to limit the range of choices available to a culture

47
Q

What is environmental modification?

A

positive and negative environmental alterations

48
Q

What are the distinctive characteristics of a region?

A
  1. area-defined spatial extent
  2. location-where it lies on the earth’s surface
  3. boundaries-evident on chosen criteria
  4. cultural
  5. economic
  6. physical
49
Q

What are the three types of regions?

A
  • Formal
  • Functional
  • Perceptual
50
Q

What is culture?

A

people’s lifestyles, values, beliefs, traits

51
Q

What are the components of culture?

A
  • cultural region-an area within which a particular culture system prevails
  • culture trait- a single attribute of culture
  • culture complex- a combination of culture traits
  • culture system- grouping of certain complexes
  • culture realm-assemblage of culture or geographic regions
52
Q

What are physical processes?

A

environmental processes which explain the distribution of human activities

53
Q

what is climate?

A

long term average weather condition at a particular location

54
Q

What is vegetation?

A

plant life

55
Q

What are cultural hearths?

A

sources of civilization from which an idea innovation or ideaology originates

56
Q

What is cultural diffusion?

A

the spread of an innovation or ideaology from it’s source to another culture

57
Q

What is expansion diffusion?

A

an innovationor ideology develops in a source area and remains strong while also spreading outward

58
Q

What are the three types of expnasion diffusion?

A
  • Contagious diffusion-almost al adjacent individuals are affected
  • Hierarchical- the main channel of diffusion some segment of those who are susceptible to what is being diffused
  • Stimulus- spread of an underlying principle
59
Q

What is relocation diffusion?

A

spread of an innovation or ideaology through the physical movement of individuals

60
Q

What are three types of relocation diffusion?

A
  • Migrant diiffusion- when aninnovation originates somewhere and enjoys strong, but breif adoption and looses strength at the origin byt the time it spreads to another area
  • acculturation-when a culture is substantially changed through interaction with another culture
  • transculturation-near equal change between culture complexes
61
Q

What are the four traditions of georaphy?

A

Spatial,area studies, man-land, earth-science

62
Q

Describe Spatial.

Who are the main geographers?

A
  • Mapping places and people
  • geometric position and layout
  • movement-mapping people
  1. Cladius Ptolemy-Greek AD 100-170
  2. Alfred Wegener Climatologist
63
Q

Describe Area studies.

Who were the main geographers?

A
  • aka chorographic tradition
  • characterizes a space, either a neighborhood or region or nation
  1. Strabo 63 BC-AD 24
  2. Carl Sauer 1889-1975
64
Q

Describe Man-Land Tradition.

Who were the main geographers?

A
  • Studies the relationship between humans and their environment
  1. Hippocratic- Greek physician of the 5th century
  2. Alexander Von Humboldt
65
Q

Describe Earth Science.

Who were the main geographers?

A
  • reflects work in the natural or physical world
  1. Aristotle 384-322 bc
  2. Immanuel Kant1724-1804 german
66
Q

What is a formal region?

A

common human characteristic or physical attribute

67
Q

What is a functional region?

A
  • product of interactions of the people and movement of various kinds
  • has a center/node
  • technology
68
Q

What is a megalopolous?

A
  • formal and functional
  • metropolitan areas and urban development
69
Q

What is a perceptual/vernacular region?

A

Based on peoples perceptions/feelings about an area.

70
Q

What are the three levels or regional influence?

A

core, domain, sphere

71
Q

What are five common cultural characteristics?

A

geographic proximity, prevailing livelihood, dominant crop, common history, common set of trading partners

72
Q

What is large scale?

A

less area more detail

73
Q

What is small scale?

A

more area less detail

74
Q

What are the types of map projections?

A

cylindrical, conic azimuthal/planar

75
Q

Cylindrical Equal Area (peters)

A
  • -straight meridians and parallels
  • -meridians equally spaced, parallels unequally spaced
  • scale is true along the equator and two lines equidistant
  • becomes more distorted after 90 degrees from the equator
76
Q

What are the five types of distortions?

A
  • direction
  • distance
  • scale
  • area
  • conformality- the scale of the map is the same in any direction
77
Q

Cylindrical Mercator Projection

A
  • straight meridians and parallels that intersect at right angles
  • scale is true at the equator and two lines equidistant
  • marine navigation, lines of constant direction
  • distorts north=large
78
Q

Cylindrical Mollweide Projection

A
  • world maps
  • central meridian is straight, 90 degree meridians are circular arcs
  • parallels are straight but unequally spaced
79
Q

Cylindrical Robinson

A
  • national geographic
  • based on tables of coordinates not formulas
  • distorts, shape, area, scale, and distance balanced
80
Q

Conic Albers Equal Area

A
  • distorts scale and distance except along stand parallels
  • east west extent US countries like that
81
Q

Azimuthal Polar/Orthographic

A
  • perspective views of hemispheres
  • distortion increases away from the center
82
Q

Goode’s Projection

A

-cut and paste

83
Q

Dymaxion Map

A
  • depicts earth’s continents as one island or nearly contiguous
  • the arrangement interrupts that map in order to preserve shapes and sizes
84
Q
A

AP Human Geography (8 decks)

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