Fundamentals

Question 1

What drugs do to the body

Answer 1

Pharmacodynamics

Question 2

What the body does to drugs and how fast it does it (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)

Answer 2

Pharmacokinetics

Question 3

absorption and distribution of drugs is determined by:

Answer 3

1) Drug molecular size
2) Drug solubility
3) Conditions at site of tissues to be penetrated by drug (e.g. inflamm.)

Question 4

The ________ portion of the membrane is the most difficult portion for a drug to penetrate

Answer 4

lipid

**Drugs that are lipid soluble (non-polar) are able to penetrate membranes more rapidly than those that are polar

Question 5

Drugs that activate receptors

Answer 5

agonists

Question 6

Drugs that block receptors

Answer 6

antagonists

Question 7

dose required to produce minimum response

Answer 7

potency

Question 8

maximum magnitude of response

Answer 8

efficacy

Question 9

margin of safety

Answer 9

difference between toxic and effective dose

Question 10

therapeutic index

Answer 10

ratio of toxic and effective dose (toxic divided by effective)

Question 11

duration of action

Answer 11

amount of time that drug acts

Question 12

half-life

Answer 12

time required for 1/2 of drug to be eliminated

Question 13

Most drug/receptor bonds are ___________ bonds

Answer 13

reversible ionic

Question 14

Measures of desirable drug actions include:

Answer 14

Efficacy and Potency

Question 15

When is a drug considered toxic?

Answer 15

When the effective dose and lethal dose are similar

Question 16

3 ways drug actions are ended

Answer 16

redistribution, metabolism, excretion

Question 17

the drug is carried away from the site of action, usually by blood flow

Answer 17

redistribution

Question 18

the drug is modified to make it less active or more readily excreted

Answer 18

metabolism

Question 19

the drug is (or its metabolite) is removed from the body

Answer 19

excretion

Question 20

The __________ is the major organ of drug excretion

Answer 20

kidney

Question 21

What might happen to a patient with renal pathology?

Answer 21

build up of drugs in the body b/c they’re not being excreted - the accumulated drugs can cause toxic effects

Question 22

The ________ is the major organ for metabolizing drugs

Answer 22

liver

**this makes it less active and/or more excretable by the kidney

Question 23

first-pass metabolism

Answer 23

a swallowed drug goes into the digestive system and then hepatic system before entering circulation to the rest of the body - this great reduces the bioavailability of the drug

Question 24

enterohepatic cycle

Answer 24

refers to the cycle of biliary contents, drugs, or other substances from the liver to the bile, and then into the small intestines…ultimately back to the liver and so on. This is often associated with multiple peaks and a longer half-life

Question 25

_________ occurs in lipophilic ER of liver and other cells, and features redox rxn that polarize drug molecule, making them more excretable

Answer 25

Phase I Metabolism

Question 26

rate limiting rxn of phase I metabolism require

Answer 26

cytochrome P450 enzyme

CYP

Question 27

In __________ endogenous molecules are coupled with parent drugs or metabolites via transferase enzymes, resulting in conjugates that are larger and more excretable

Answer 27

Phase II Metabolism

Question 28

Schedule I drugs

Answer 28

1) High potential for abuse, severe physical and psychological dependence
2) No accepted medical use
3) Use for research only
4) Not to be prescribed, unsafe for tx

Question 29

Schedule II drugs

Answer 29

1) High potential for abuse, severe physical and psychological dependence
2) Acceptable medical uses, w/ restrictions
3) Dispensed by Rx only
4) No refills w/out new written Rx from doc

Question 30

Schedule III drugs

Answer 30

1) moderate potential for abuse, high psychological dependence, low physical dependence
2) acceptable medical uses
3) by Rx only; may be refilled 5X in 6 mo. if authorized by doc

Question 31

Schedule IV drugs

Answer 31

1) lower potential for abuse than Sched. III; limited psychological and physical dependence
2) Acceptable medical uses
3) by Rx only; may be refilled 5X in 6 mo. if authorized by physician

Question 32

Schedule V drugs

Answer 32

1) low potential for abuse
2) acceptable medical uses
3) OTC narcotic drugs, but sold only by registered pharmacists; buyer must be 18 y/o and show ID

Question 33

Schedule VI drugs

Answer 33

1) medical marijuana
2) needs Rx

*only some states uses Sched. VI category