Ophthalmology III

Question 1

What is the macula?

Answer 1

The area encompassing the fovea and the foveola

Question 2

What are the three layers of the posterior eye?

Answer 2

Outer: sclera (fibrous covering)

Middle: choroid (vascular layer that provides nutritional and metabolic support)

Inner: retina (light-sensitive)

Question 3

What is the uvea?

Answer 3

The iris, ciliary body, and choroid

Question 4

The anterior terminal of the retina is called the ____________.

Answer 4

ors serrata (which surrounds the pars plana)

Question 5

The inner 2/3 of the retina is supplied by which artery?

Answer 5

Central retinal artery (a branch of the ophthalmic)

Question 6

Subretinal hemorrhages demonstrate _________________.

Answer 6

darker blood with blood vessels overlying the hemorrhage

Question 7

Spot hemorrhages of the retina are common in ___________.

Answer 7

diabetes

Question 8

Preretinal hemorrhages have what shape?

Answer 8

Boat (with no overlying blood vessels)

Question 9

Vitreous hemorrhages present with _________ of the retina.

Answer 9

obscuring

Question 10

Cholesterol plaques often present at ____________.

Answer 10

arteriolar bifurcation

Question 11

Retinal capillary ischemia often presents as ___________.

Answer 11

“wool” spots –patches of white (whereas arterial blockage often produces larger swaths of white)

Question 12

The most common cause of blindness in working-age adults is ______________.

Answer 12

diabetic retinopathy

Question 13

The two categories/stages of diabetic retinopathy are ____________.

Answer 13

• non-proliferative (less severe, early symptoms)

- proliferative (more severe)

Question 14

What are the five types of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 14

• microaneurysms
• flame hemorrhages
• dot-blot hemorrhages
• lipid exudates
• diabetic macular edema

Question 15

What are the kinds of proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 15

• neovascularization

- fibrovascular proliferation

Question 16

Neovascularization can lead to ____________.

Answer 16

glaucoma

Question 17

“Copper and silver wiring” results from ______________.

Answer 17

arteriosclerosis

Question 18

What is wet macular degeneration?

Answer 18

A process in which blood vessels grow out of the choroid and into the retina; leads to scarring

Question 19

True or false: choroid nevi need to be removed.

Answer 19

False. Sometimes they can present problems, but most often they are benign

Question 20

Drusen (an accumulation of lipids and lipofuscin beneath the retina) is a hallmark of ______________.

Answer 20

macular degeneration

Question 21

____________ typically come from the carotids.

Answer 21

Cholesterol emboli

Question 22

Diabetic retinopathy is present in _________ percent of those who’ve had diabetes for 10 years and ________ percent for 30 years.

Answer 22

50; 90

Question 23

How frequently does VEGF need to be given?

Answer 23

4 - 8 weeks

Question 24

True or false: giving intravitreal VEGF to those with exudative macular degeneration leads to improved vision.

Answer 24

True!

Question 25

The cup-to-disc ratio is supposed to be ____________.

Answer 25

0.3

Question 26

Retinal pigment epithelium provides _____________.

Answer 26

metabolic support to the photoreceptor cells