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MedBiochem > quiz 1.4 hormones to digestions > Flashcards

quiz 1.4 hormones to digestions Flashcards

1
Q

saan emujlsified si TAG

A

duodenum

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2
Q

TAG emuslified by what

A

bile salts

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3
Q

major fat in diet

A

TAG

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4
Q

ilang percent ang TAG sa fat diet

A

90

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5
Q

major storage lipid in plants and nimals

A

TAG

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6
Q

structure ng TAG

A

glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids

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7
Q

derived from choelsterol

A

bile

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8
Q

ano nagsstimualte ng release ng bile into duodenum

A

cholecystokinin

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9
Q

ang bile hydrophobic or hydophilic?

A

amphipatic

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10
Q

ano ung hydrophobic component bile acid

A

steroid nucleus

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11
Q

anp ung hydrophilic part ng bile

A

carboxylated side chain

hydroxyl groups

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12
Q

ano meron kpag nagexpress ng amphipaticity ung bile acid basta may nangyayari daw

A

hydrophilic face and hydrophobic face

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13
Q

biel acids act as _____ binding to fat globules

A

detergent

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14
Q

major enzyme that digests dietary TAG

A

pancreatic lipase

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15
Q

ano ung ksma ni bile na linalabas sa duodenum for TAG

A

lipase

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16
Q

action ng lipase

A

hydrolyze fatty aacids fro pos. 1 and 3 of TAG producing 2 free fatty acids (from carbon 1 and 3) and one 2-monoacylglycerol (carbon 2)

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17
Q

10% of fat diet is

A

cholesterol ester and phospholipids

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18
Q

remove fatty accids from cholesterol esters

A

esterases

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19
Q

digest phospholipids to their component parts

A

phospholipases

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20
Q

binds to the dietary fat and to the lipase causing it to be more active

A

colipase

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21
Q

raises pH in duodenum into a range which is optimal for the actions f the enzymes

A

bicarbonate

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22
Q

bakit kailangan iadjust ni bicarbonate ung pH ng intestine

A

kasi optimal ang neutral pH for enzymes etc.

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23
Q

keeps the bile acids adequately ionized to maintain their amphipatic nature

A

bicarbonate

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24
Q

the FFas and 2-monoacylglycerol are packaged into

A

micelles

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25
Q

where are bile salts reabsorbed

A

ileum

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26
Q

95% of bile acids are recirculated via

A

enterohepatic circulation

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27
Q

where are bile acids stored after recirculation

A

glall bladder

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28
Q

how much bile salts reabsorbed

A

12-32 g/day

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29
Q

ilang times na rerecycle ang bile salts

A

6-8

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30
Q

ilang percent excrted bile sa feces

A

5%

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31
Q

what happens to FFA and MAGs kapag naabsorb na sa intestine

A

magiging TAG ulit

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32
Q

ang TAG after resynthesized sa intestine nagiging

A

chylomicrons

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33
Q

bakit ginagawang chylomicron pa

A

insoluble si TAG and would coalesce in blood causing obstructions

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34
Q

protein part ng chylomicron

A

apo B-48

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35
Q

where are TAGs produced

A

SER of intestinal epithelial cells

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36
Q

saan makikita/produced ung B-48

A

RER

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37
Q

assembly of the lipoproteins occures in the

A

golgi complex

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38
Q

chylomicrons are secreted by the interstinal eopith clls into the ___________________

A

chyle of the lymphatics

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39
Q

chylomicrons enters the blood stream via

A

thoracic duct within 1-2hrs after a meal

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40
Q

TAGs in chylomicrons are hydrolyzed by

A

lipoprotein lipase

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41
Q

after meals , major fate of fatty acis is stored as TAG in

A

adipose

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42
Q

LPL in adipose have high Km therefore…

A

more active after a meal when chylomicrons are high in the blood

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43
Q

adipose LPL is also stimulated by

A

insulin therefore lipogenic

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44
Q

what deposits TAG in adipose tissues

A

LPL

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45
Q

LPL in muscles have a low Km therefore…

A

can obtain fatty acids from chylomicron even when low in the blood

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46
Q

steps ng lipid digestion

A 
emulsification of fat
hydrolysis of TAG
solubilization
uptake
pakcaging
transport
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47
Q

acid table lipases produced by cells at the back of the tongue and in stomach

A

lingual and gastric lipases

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48
Q

kanino most active ng lingual and gastric lipase

A

children and infants consuming madaming cow’s milk

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49
Q

short and medium chain fatty acids enter the _____ rather than the lymph and transported to the _____ bound to _______

A

portal blood;liver;serum albumin

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50
Q

synthesized from sucrose that can bond with 6 7 or 8 fatty acids

A

olean (olestra)

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51
Q

the resulting ____________ of olestra is too large that it cannot be absorbed in intestine

A

radial arrangement

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52
Q

action of xenical

A

attached to the lipases and blocks them from breaking down TAGs

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53
Q

____________ of toal calories ang dietary carbs

A

60-70%

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54
Q

forms ng carb sa diet

A 
starch
glycogen
disaccharides
monsacch
cellulose
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55
Q

complex forms of dietary carb are converted to monosaccs by

A

glycosidase/glucosidase

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56
Q

what makes the saliva thick or viscous

A

mucin

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57
Q

salivary alpha amylase aka

A

ptyalin

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58
Q

salivary alpha amylase aka

A

ptyalin

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59
Q

action of amylase

A

randomly cleaves internal alpha 1-4 linkages

therefore endoglucosidase

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60
Q

optimal pH for amylasse

A

6.6-6.8

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61
Q

amylase requires what coafctors

A

calcium and chloride

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62
Q

products after action of amylase

A

dextrin
maltotriose
maltose
glucose

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63
Q

smaller starch molecules after amylase activity

A

dextrins

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64
Q

3 glucose units with alpha 1-4 linkages

A

maltotriose

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65
Q

why is salivary amylase activity halted in stomach

A

denatured due to extreme pH

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66
Q

in pancreatic phase of digestion, food bolus will be _______ by the ______

A

neutralized;bicarbonate ion

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67
Q

pancreatic secretions in carb digestion

A

bicarbonate ions

pancreatic alpha amylase

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68
Q

difference of pancreatic and salivary amylase

A

pancreatic amylase has absolute requirement for chloride ions

and site of production

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69
Q

products after pancreatic phase

A

limit dextrins
isomaltose
maltose
glucose

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70
Q

total daily dietary load

A

70-100g

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71
Q

ilan lost protein sa feces

A

6-12g/day

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72
Q

pinactive precursors of digetsive enzymes

A

zymogens

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73
Q

how are zymogens activated

A

cleavage

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74
Q

sino mas malaki active enzyme or zymogen

A

zymogen

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75
Q

classiication of divestive enzymes

A

hydrolase

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76
Q

hydrolases with specificity for the peptide bond

A

peptidases

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77
Q

peptidase that attacks internal bonds liberation large peptide fragments

A

endopeptidase

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78
Q

4 inportant data for the action of digestive proteases

A

phase
type of enzyme
which end the enzyme attacks
particular amino acids it is specific to

79
Q

cleaves off one amino acid at a time from the terminals

A

exopeptidase

80
Q

example of exopeptidase

A

carboxypeptidase

aminopeptidase

81
Q

digestion of proteins begins in the ______ and is completed in the ________

A

stomach;intestine

82
Q

product after action of endopeptidases

A

large peptide fragments

kasi ung terminal bonds hindi attacked

83
Q

difference ng carboxy at aminopeptidase

A

carboxy c terminal

amino n termina

84
Q

gastric juices creates an acidic environment of pH ____

A

1-5-2.0

85
Q

low pH purpose in gastric

A

kill microbes

denaturation

86
Q

secreted by chief cells

A

pepsinogen

87
Q

action of pepsinogen

A

removal of 44 AA from amino terminal

88
Q

used in digestion of K-casein in infants

A

rennin/chymosin

89
Q

rennin is used for digestion of

A

k-casein

90
Q

pepsionogen is produced by

A

chief cells

91
Q

activation of pepsinogen by pesin itself

A

autocatalysis

92
Q

mechanism of pepsinogen activation

A

autocatalysis

tas may something pa

93
Q

ano ang limit dextrin

A

dextrin pero may branch

94
Q

short and medium chain fatty acids _________________ and are absorbed directly into the intestinal epithelial cells

A

do not require bile salts

95
Q

components of chylomicrons

A

TAG, cholesterol, fat soluble vitamins

96
Q

enzyme systems in the intetinal brush border

A

sucrase-isomaltase
glucoamylase
lactase-glucosylceramide
trehalase

97
Q

sycrase-isomaltase has ______ maltose activity

A

80%

98
Q

products after action of sucrase-isomaltase

A

glucose and maltose

99
Q

sucrase-isomaltose cuts where

A

alpha 1-6

100
Q

the glucoamylase complex is composed of

A

glucoamylase and maltase

101
Q

action of glucoamylase complex

A

cleaves external alpha 1-4 linkage at the nonreducing ends of the sugar polymer

102
Q

glucoamylase has high cocnentration in

A

ileum

103
Q

end product after action of glucoamylase

A

glucose

104
Q

two sites of the beta glucosidase/lactase-glucosylceramide complez

A

lactase site

glucosylceramide site

105
Q

action of the lactase site of beta glucosidase complex

A

cleavage at beta 1,4 bond of lactose

106
Q

action of glucosylceramide site of beta glucosidase complez

A

cleavage at beta 1,4 bond of ceramide and glucosse or galactose in glycolipids

107
Q

products after beta glucosidase action

A

glucose and galactose

108
Q

products after trehalase action

A

glucose

109
Q

trhalase action

A

alpha 1,1 glycosidic bond cleavage

110
Q

trehalase acts on what

A

trehalose to produce 2 units

111
Q

ilang glucose ang manggagaling sa trehalose

A

2

112
Q

dietary fibers remain undigested because

A

no beta 1-4 glucosidase in humans

113
Q

ang alpha-L-arabinose at beta-D-xylose ay galing saan

A

hemicellulose
mucilages
gums

114
Q

ang nanggagaling sa hemicellulose
mucilages
gums

A

alpga-L-arabinose

beta-D-xylose

115
Q

ano mga galing sa pectin

A

galacturonic acid
N-acetyl-galactosamine
methylated galacturonic acid

116
Q

ano ang carageenans

A

galactose-4-SO4

117
Q

aside from dietary fibers, what else can escape digestion in the small intestine and directly enter colon

A

starch with high amylose content

undigested oligosacchs

118
Q

undigested carbs in the colon are

A

acted upon by bacterial metab

119
Q

products after bacterial metab in colon

A 
acetic
propionic
butyric
gases (CO2, H2, CH4)
lactate
120
Q

transport for pentoses (xylose, arabinose)

A

simple passive diffusion

121
Q

transport for glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose

A

facilitated transport

122
Q

transport for glucose ad galactose with the Na-K ATPase pump

A

NA dependent tranport

123
Q

NA dependent transport is of what kind

A

scondary active symport

124
Q

a cardiac glycoside that inhibits Na-K ATPase system

A

ouabain

125
Q

a plant glycoside that blocks the movement of the sugar across the intestinal lumen by competing with glucose for the Na-glucose transporter (SGLT)

A

phlorizin

126
Q

drug that inhibits renal reabsorption of glucose, used for type 2 DM

A

SGLT inhibitor

127
Q

an inhibitor of the serosal carrier of glucose through the contraluminal side of the intestinal mucosal cell

A

cytochalazin

128
Q

insulin dependent glucose uptake blabla seen in (needs insulin to enter tissue)

A

skeletal muscle

adipose

129
Q

insulin independent blabla seen in

A

intestine
liver
RBC
brain

130
Q

glucose transporter seen in nearly all mammalians, responsible for basal uptake

A

glut 1 and 3

131
Q

Km for glut 1 and 3

A

1mM

132
Q

glut transporter in liver, kidney and pancreas

A

glut 2

133
Q

Km ng glut 2

A

15-20mM

134
Q

glut transporter in adipose tissu, skel and cardiac muscle

A

glut 4

135
Q

Km ng glut 4

A

5mM

136
Q

a fructose transporter

A

glut-5

137
Q

associated with intolerance to lactose

A

lactase deficiency

138
Q

lactase deficiecny shold be distinguished from intolerance due to sensitivity to the protein in milk ________

A

lactoglobulin

139
Q

sucrase deficiency px lacks what

A

sucrase and isomaltase

140
Q

presents with an increase in urinary excretion of disacchs ina mount reaching 300 mg

A

disacchariduria

141
Q

congenital condition that results from a defect in the carrier mechanism for glucose and galactose absorption and transport

A

monosaccharide malabsorption

142
Q

absorption of monosacch in the body is at

A

1gram per kg body weight per hour

130 mg/dL glucose in blood within 1hr after meal

143
Q

pepsin acts on peptide bonds in which the carboxyl group is provided by ____

A

aromatic or acidic AA

phe, tyr, glu, asp

144
Q

products of gastric phase simtulates _______

A

release of CCK and initiation of pancreatic phase

145
Q

pancreatic releases during the pancreatic phase

A

bicarbonate

pancreatic proteases

146
Q

aside from neautralizing stomach acid, the bicarbonate also acts to

A

make suitable pH environment to activate proteases

147
Q

active form of trypsinogen

A

trypsin

148
Q

trypsinogen is activated by

A

endopeptidase/enteropeptidase

149
Q

fragment from trypsinogen after activation

A

hexapeptide

150
Q

fragment from chymotrpysinogen after activation

A

2 dipeptide creating a 3 subunit enzyme

151
Q

fragment from proelastase after activation

A

decapeptide

152
Q

specificity of trypsin

A

arg lys

153
Q

specificity of chymotrypsin

A

phe tyr trp

leu met

154
Q

specificity of elastase

A

ala gly ser

155
Q

specificity of carboxy A

A

val ile ala leu

@ c terminal

156
Q

specificity of carboxy B

A

arg lts

@ c terminal

157
Q

semispecific sodium dependent transport protein on the luminalo membrane of the itnestinal cell brush border

A

na dependent cotransport

158
Q

deficiency of dietary proteins but with adequate caloric intake

A

kwashiorkor

159
Q

defect in the function of chloride channels in pancreqatic excretory duct

A

cystic fibrosis

160
Q

frare autosomal disease that results to defect in the transport of neutral AAs accros intestinal and renal cells

A

hartnup dx

161
Q

defect in transport of cystine and basic AAs across the brush border

A

cystinuria

162
Q

hormones literally means

A

to rouse to activity

163
Q

most common precursor of amine hormones

A

tyrosine

164
Q

example of amine hormones

A

norepinehprine
epinephrine
dopamine
thyronin - thyrorine, triiodothyronine

165
Q

hormones that bind to intracellular receptors are usually ______

A

cholesterol derived

166
Q

hormones that usually bind to cell surface receptors are ____

A

protein derived

167
Q

all steroid hormones are derived from

A

cholesterol

168
Q

effects of gonadotropins on steroid hormones

A

inc

169
Q

steroid hormones are divided into 3 based on number of carbon

A

pregnane
androstane
estrane

170
Q

pregnane contains and includes

A

21 carbons

progestins and corticosteroids

171
Q

androstane contains and includes

A

19 carbons

androgens

172
Q

estrane contains and includes

A

18c arbons

estrogens

173
Q

distinguished by aromtic ring A

A

estrogen

174
Q

recognized by aldehyde group at C18

A

ineralocorticoids

175
Q

sysnthesic of progestin is initated by

A

desmolase

176
Q

what enzymes act on pregnenolone to make progesterone

A

3beta dehydrogenase

delta 5-4 isomerase

177
Q

predominant glucocorticoid in humans made in zona fasciculata

A

cortisol

178
Q

made in zona fasciculata and glomerulosa, less abundant

A

corticosterone

179
Q

cortisols synthesis requires 3 hydroxylases that act sequentially on

A

17
21
11

180
Q

addison’s dse aka

A

primary adrenal insufficiency

181
Q

addison’s results in

A 
hypoglycemia
anorexia
weight loss
nausea 
severe weakness
LOW bp
decreased GFR
HYPERPIGMENTATION
182
Q

addison’s dse is caused by

A

dec. cortisol

183
Q

difference sa symptoms ng addison’s and secondadry adrenal insufficiency

A

no pigmentation in secondary

184
Q

disorder of excess glucocorticoids

A

cushing’s

185
Q

symptoms of cushing’s

A

moonf acies
truncal obesity
buffalo hump

186
Q

other effects of cushing syndrome

A 
hypernat
hypokal
alkalosis
edema
hypertension
187
Q

most potent mineralocorticoid

A

aldosterone

188
Q

made exclusively in the zona glomerulosa

A

aldosterone

189
Q

primary action of aldosterone

A

promote Na retention and excretion of K and hydrogen ions

190
Q

30-50x less potent that aldosterone

A

11-deoxycorticosterone

191
Q

1000X less potent than aldosterone but produced in significany smounts

A

cortisol

192
Q

formation of aldosterone from corticosterone

A

18-hydroxylase > 18-hydroxycorticosterone > 18-alcohol to aldehyde

193
Q

primary aldosteronism aka

A

conn’s syndrome

194
Q

difference ng secondary sa primary aldo

A

elevated renin and angiotensin 2 sa secondary

MedBiochem (16 decks)

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