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MCAT > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Alpha glucose Beta glucose

A

Mutarotation of the anomeric carbon

there is an aldehyde intermediate

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2
Q

Estradiol, aldosterone, testosterone and cortisol are dervitatives

A

Cholestrol

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3
Q

what is a 6 member ring called?

A

pyranose

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4
Q

what is a 5 member ring called

A

Furanose

Mneumonic: fewer in furanose rather than pyranose

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5
Q

ATP + glucose –> leads to what?

A

ATP+ glucose = glucose-6-phosphate + ADP

The phosphate group keeps the glucose in the cell
- reaction results in formation of phosphiester bond

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6
Q

what is Km

A

it is the concentration at which 1/2 max velocity

when the substrate concentration decreases, the Vmax doesnt change on the amount of the substrate but rather how it interacts

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7
Q

What happens in alcoholic fermenation

A
  • release CO2
  • oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
  • O2 is not consumed
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8
Q

What is the determining factor of a positive tollens test?

A

if it can be reduced.

a carbohydrate that contain hemiacetal/hemiketal groups give positive tests with tollens and benedicts

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9
Q

alcohol + aldehyde makes what?

A

hemiacetal

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10
Q

ketone+ alcohol makes what?

A

hemiketal

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11
Q

Reducing sugars do what in tollens and benedicts test?

A

POSITIVE

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12
Q

What happens when tollens test is used to identify aldoses/ketoses?

A

sugar oxidizes and AG+ redcued to silver metal

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13
Q

What happens if benedicts reagent is used?

A

sugar is oxidized, Cu2+ is reduced to Brick-red precipitate.

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14
Q

Precision leads to what

A

consistency

also leads to reliability –. read consistently or within a narrow range.

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15
Q

accuracy leads to what

A

how true to the actual value can you be

if its off, it can lead to bias because it is not close to the real range.

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16
Q

a parameter in an experiment measures what

A

it is a population measure!

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17
Q

Enzymes do not change the energy of the reactant and products, but rather the…..

A

activation energy

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18
Q

in the body are TRANS or CIS fatty acids allowed

A

in the body, only cis Fatty acids in the body and it should be even nimbered.

  • cis is better because it is stackable

The cell membrane does not have trans fatty acids

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19
Q

GTP is used in gluconeogenesis during which step

A

oxaloacetate to phosphoenol pyruvate

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20
Q

reason for decrease in enzyme activity

A
  1. decrease in substrate level
  2. denaturation
  3. inhibition
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21
Q

Enzymes require cofactors and possible prosthetic groups

A
  • prosthetic groups are especically tightly group bound of cofactor - if not removed - enzyme could remain actively on??
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22
Q

furanose = 5 carbon sugar

A

mneumonic = “ fewerer carbon - furanose”

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23
Q

What simple sugars make up sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

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24
Q

what simple sugars make up lactose

A

galactose + glucose

25
Q

what simple sugars make up maltose

A

glucose + glucose

26
Q

what simple sugars make up maltose

A

glucose + glucose

27
Q

Saponification

A

A reaction in which an ester is heated with an alkali, such as sodium hydroxide, producing a free alcohol and an acid salt, especially alkaline hydrolysis of a fat or an oil to make soap.

28
Q

specificity constant = km/kcat

A

Kcat = turn over number ( the number of substate molecules coverted to product per active site in a soluetion saturated with substrate.

29
Q

What is the michealis menten equation?

A

vo = [vmax][S]/ (S+kM)

30
Q

When looking at the amount of energy a molecule has count its carbon

A

the more saturated= more engery

31
Q

In red blood cells, only glycolysis can occur.

WHY?

A

because RBC do not have any membrane bound organelles - therefore no mitochondria

32
Q

Red blood cells undergo pentose phosphate pathway. why?

A

in order to make NADPH which will reduce gluthione in red blood cells

33
Q

DO red blood cells produce carbon dioxide?

A

NO because it does not under go kreb cycle

34
Q

Do ketones need a transporter?

A

NO ketone bodies do not need any facilitation

35
Q

Where is VLDL produced?

A

THE liver

36
Q

Where are chylomicrons produced?

A

It is produced in the intestines

37
Q

Sex link - The X chromosome carries the gene of interest

A

X comes from MOm and Y comes from dad. mom must have the gene or has to be a carrier for the child to haave it.

38
Q

Kinesin - important in metaphase/anaphase in mitosis

Dyenin - cillia/flagella movement - vesicle transport ( not in mitosis

A

dining IN - Karrying OUt

39
Q

KInases add phosphates

A

means it gets it from ATP

40
Q

What are the 3 main inhibitors of the aerobic respiration?

A
  • Cyanide - binds to the complex IV and inhibits the reaction –> therefore electrons can not be transported to the oxtgen and the elcton transport chain will be backed up
  • oligomycin
  • DNP ( 2,4 dinitrophenol) - dissates proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
41
Q

What are the 3 main inhibitors of the aerobic respiration?

A
  • Cyanide - binds to the complex IV and inhibits the reaction –> therefore electrons can not be transported to the oxtgen and the elcton transport chain will be backed up
  • oligomycin
  • DNP ( 2,4 dinitrophenol) - dissates proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
42
Q

Polar AA

A
  • serine (S)
  • theroine - (T)
  • cystine (C)
  • Aspargine (N)
  • Gluatmine ( Q)
  • Thyrosine ( Y)
43
Q

Acidic AA

A
  • aspartic acid ( D)

- glutamic acid ( E)

44
Q

Basic Amino Acid

A
  • Lysine
  • Argine
  • Histidine
45
Q

Hydrophobi AA- all AA not polar, acidic or basic

A
  • Alanine,
  • Glycine
  • Isoleucine(I)
  • Leucine(L)
  • Methione ( M)
  • tryptophan ( W)
  • Valine (V)
46
Q

Acetyl-Coa + oxacloacetate = citrate.

A

if there is too much citrate, it will leave the mitochondira and it ibhibits the pfk-1 of glycolysis therefore glycolysis is inhibited

47
Q

Early to intermediate fasting uses what

A

all of the glycogen stores

glycogenolysis

48
Q

intermediate to late fasting uses what

A

Gluconeogenesis

49
Q

cofactor

A

metal ion rewuired for catatlysis

50
Q

coenzyme =

A

organic molecule required for catalysis

51
Q

coenzyme =

A

organic molecule required for catalysis

52
Q

if there are more enzymes ( aka more cars) you will increase the total capacity of the reaction.

A

if i have more cars ( enzymes ) that wouldnt make me more likely towards them ( affinty ) - rather my affinity would not change.

53
Q

Southern blots use restiction digest to differentiate betwen mutant and wild type alleles.

A

In order for southern blot to be useful, mutations should create/eliminate a restiction site - most which are palindromes and 4-6 base pairs long

54
Q

Hill coeficcient if >1 then it will have cooperativity properties

A

if = 1, no cooperativeity

55
Q

Noncompetive = same Km but decrease in V max.

A

can bind to enzyme or the E-S complex

56
Q

Uncompetive inhibition - can ONLY bind to the ES complex . in order to increase the efficiceny , you should do what?

A

increase the substrate concentration - which will bind to the enzyme and increase the concentration of the inbitor.

57
Q

Cation exchange cloum - wwant to bind to the positively charged pepetide

A

Lowest concentration of NACL to elute the smallest charge

58
Q

Charged AA at ph = 7

A

Negatively charged :
D ( aspatic acid )
E ( Glutamic acid )

Positively charged:
K ( Lysine )
R( ARgingine )
H ( histindine )

59
Q

Tm = confromational stability

A

it is the melting temperature before denaturing . It reached a point where it can no longer refold.

MCAT (10 decks)

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