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Pathophysiology > Class 6 chapter 41 > Flashcards

Class 6 chapter 41 Flashcards

1
Q

STIs

A

Reporting not accurate
Person-to-person transfer (Oral, genitalia, urinary meatus, rectum, skin, mother to fetus)
Increasing frequency in teenage population: often more than 1 type
Resistance is developing
Viral forms are not curable as yet
Organisms don’t survive long outside host!

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2
Q

STI treatment

A

Sexual partners must be identified and treated

Abstinence during therapy

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3
Q

Genital Warts (condylomata acuminata)

A 
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Increased incidence
Transmission
- Fomites (ex contaminated clothing)
- Mother to newborn
- Mucosal/skin to mucosal/skin
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4
Q

Genital Warts risk factors

A

<25 years old
Early first intercourse (<16 years old)
Increased number of partners

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5
Q

Genital Warts progression

A

Transient or persistent
Incubation is 1-8 months
May be asymptomatic
Associated with genital cancers (Cervical is rare)

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6
Q

Genital Warts appearance

A
  1. External
    Soft raised fleshy lesions, or small bumps or flat rough surfaced areas on external genitalia (male and female)
  2. Internal
    Cauliflower-shaped lesions causing discomfort, bleeding, painful intercourse
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7
Q

Genital Warts treatment

A 
Vaccine recently developed
Antimitotic agent necrosing wart tissue
Cryotherapy (cold - treatment of choice)
Surgical excision
Laser vaporization
Electrocautery
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8
Q

Genital Herpes

A 
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) 2
Incubation is 2 – 12 days
Neurotropic virus 
- Grows in neurons
- Latent form moves up via peripheral nerves; dormant in dorsal root ganglia (Reactivates and spreads down neurons, Alters when replicating from dormant state)
Highly contagious!
Spread by people unaware they have it
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9
Q

Genital Herpes risk factors

A

Women
Increased sexual partners
Compromised immune system

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10
Q

Genital Herpes symptoms

A

Dysuria, dysparenuia (painful intercourse)
Itching, tingling, painful to touch
“Wet” vesicle eventually crusts over

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11
Q

Genital Herpes primary infection

A

Headache, malaise, muscle aches, lymphadenopathy

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12
Q

Genital Herpes recurring episodes

A

Less severe

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13
Q

Genital Herpes triggers

A

Stress, sleep loss, overexertion, other infections, prolonged coitus, menstrual distress

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14
Q

Genital Herpes

A

Acyclovir family

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15
Q

Candidiasis

A

Candida albicans
Yeast infection/Thrush/Moniliasis
- Present in healthy women
- Activated when vaginal environment altered
Usually not transmitted sexually (not an “official” SDI)
75% of women

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16
Q

Candidiasis risk factors

A 
Decreased normal bacterial flora 
Altered hormonal levels (Birth control pills, pregnancy)
Decreased immune system
- Diabetes Mellitus
- HIV infection
17
Q

Candidiasis manifestations

A

Thick, white, odourless discharge

Irritation, erythema, swelling, dysuria

18
Q

Trichomoniasis

A 
Trichomonas vaginalis
Sexual contact
Fomites (hot tubs, swimming pools)
Currently very prevalent
Men harbor organism but are asymptomatic
19
Q

Trichomoniasis risk factors

A

Diagnosed with other STIs

20
Q

Trichomoniasis risk factors

A

Diagnosed with other STIs

21
Q

Trichomoniasis manifestations

A

Women

  • Sometimes asymptomatic
  • Frothy, malodorous green/yellow discharge
  • Erythema/edema of mucosa
  • Itching, irritation
  • Hemorrhagic cervical “strawberry spots”

Men
- Harbour organisms in urethra and prostate but are almost always asymptomatic

22
Q

Trichomoniasis complications

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Women - Infertility, PID and premature births
Men - Infertility, chronic prostatitis and urethritis

23
Q

Chlamydia Trachomatis

A

Bacterial infection but can behave like a virus
Has two distinct morphologies
- Elementary body (survives outside the cell) attaches and is ingested and activates the reticulate body (can’t survive outside the cell) which divides and forms new “elementary bodies” released when cell bursts
Difficult to treat!
Most common STI in North America

24
Q

Chlamydia manifestations

A

Women

  • Can be asymptomatic
  • Frequency, dysuria, vaginal discharge)(Mucopurulent cervical discharge)
  • Cervix becomes hypertrophied, edematous, friable (on touch it falls apart)

Men

  • Urethritis, meatal erythema/tenderness, itchiness, discharge
  • Dysuria, prostatitis, epididymitis
25
Q

Chlamydia complications

A

Women

  • PID (40%)
  • Infertility (20%)
  • Chronic pain (18%)
  • Conjunctivitis (infection in eye)
  • Damaged fallopian tubes - tubal pregnancy 9%)

Men

  • Infertility
  • Reiter’s syndrome (reactive arthritis, conjunctivisits, urethritis)
26
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Transmission
- Entry via genitals, urinary tract, eyes, oropharynx, rectum, skin
- Neonates born to infected mothers (Gonorrhea conjunctivitis/blindness, Amniotic infection syndrome)
- Likes warm mucus membranes
- Highest rate in adolescents and young adults

27
Q

Gonorrhea symptoms

A

May be asymptomatic
Men have more symptoms than women
Men: urethra pain, creamy yellow/blood discharge, rectal infections from male-to-male contact
Women: genital or urinary discharge, dysuria, dyspareunia, pelvic pain, bleeding, fever, proctitis, uterine infection

28
Q

Gonorrhea complications

A

Males: spread to prostate, epididymis
Females: uterine infection, salpingitis (fallopian tubes), scarring/infertility
Pharyngitis if oral-genital contact
Conjunctivitis
Bloodstream (bacteria): joint, heart valves, meninges

29
Q

Syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum
Increasing incidence as of 2001
Transmission
Direct contact with infectious moist lesion during sexual intimacy, kissing
Mother to fetus invitro/transplacental
- Prematurity, stillbirth, congenital defects, active infection

30
Q

Syphilis stages

A

Primary stage
Secondary stage
Latent phase
Tertiary stage

31
Q

Syphilis primary stage

A

Chancre at site of exposure (within 3 wks, but can incubate longer)
Buttonlike papule erodes skin
Male: usually obvious, penis or scrotum
Women: cervix, vagina, sometimes external
Often painless
Mild symptoms of infection
Heals within 3-12 weeks

32
Q

Syphilis secondary stage

A

2-6 wks after initial chancre, lasts 1 wk to 6 months
Rash on palms/soles
Fever, sore throat, malaise, stomatitis, nausea, eye inflammation, arthralgias
Alopecia (hair loss)
Elevated lesions on genitals: highly infectious

33
Q

Syphilis latent phase

A

1-20 years
Symptoms resolve but still seroreactive (still in blood and can still be passed on)
1 in 3 progress
Others have minimal symptoms or spontaneous cure

34
Q

Syphilis tertiary stage

A

Gumma lesions
CV: aortic valve, aortic aneurysm
CNS (neurosyphilis): dementia, blindness
Skin/Liver/Bone

35
Q

Syphilis treatment

A

Penicillin

Pathophysiology (13 decks)

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