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WACE Human Biology > Ch. 11 Specific Resistance to Infection > Flashcards

Ch. 11 Specific Resistance to Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced and where are they located

A
  • Produced in: bone marrow, some in lymphoid tissue

- Roam the body- blood, tissue fluid, lymph

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2
Q

What are macrophages and how are they involved in specific defense

A
  • Consume foreign substances and microorganisms through phagocytosis
  • Involved in specific > alerts immune system of presence of foreign material
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3
Q

Define immune system

A

different types of cells that occur in most organs and protect against foreign invader, abnormal cells

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4
Q

define immune response

A

> 

: a response triggered by a foreign substance or microorganisms invading body A homeostatic mechanism
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5
Q

Name and explain the two parts of the immune response

A
  1. Humeral Response/ Antibody Mediated Immunity
    - Production of special proteins (antibodies) circulating body + attack invading agents
  2. Cell-mediated Response
    - Formation of special lymphocytes that destroy invading agents
    - Both aspects involve lymphoid tissue
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6
Q

What is lymphoid tissue and what is it composed of

A

> 

Lymphoid Tissue: tissue containing lymphocytes and macrophages, mostly in nodes, bone marrow thymus -	Composed of B and T Cells  o	B-Cells provide antibody – mediated immunity o	T-Cells provide Cell-mediated immunity
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7
Q

Explain the production of t and b lymphocytes

A
  • Both cells produced in bone marrow, end up in lymphoid tissue
    o Mature by following two different routes b/w bone marrow and lymphoid tissue
    ♣ Half of cells produced by bone marrow > thymus> mature to T Cells> incorporated into lymphoid
    ♣ Other half mature in bone marrow> become B Cells > lymphoid
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8
Q

Define antigen

A

any substance capable of causing formation of specific antibodies when introduced into tissues

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9
Q

what is the immune system programmed to distinguish between

A
  1. Self-antigen: Large molecules produced in a person’s own body does not cause immune response
  2. Non-self antigens: Foreign compounds that do trigger immune response
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10
Q

Define antibodies and what group of proteins do they belong to

A

a specialized protein produced in response to a specific non self antigen, binds with it and neutralizes/destroys

immunoglobins

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11
Q

what is an antigen antibody complex

A
  • Antibody produced in response to an antigen can combine with that antigen= antigen-antibody complex (specific active sites)
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12
Q

What does antibody mediated immunity involved

A
  • production and release of antibodies into the blood and lymph
    = antibody mediated immunity
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13
Q

what type of cell is involved in AMI

A

B Cells

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14
Q

what are the three steps of AMI

A
  1. Foreign antigen reaches lymphoid tissue
  2. Antigen activates B Cell> they enlarge, divide into groups of cells called a clone (group of cells with same genetic characteristics)
  3. Clone cells become either
    a. Plasma cells (a cell that develops from a B cell and produces antibodies)
    o Secrete specific antibody’s capable of attaching to the active site of the antigen
    o These antibodies circulate blood, lymph, extracellular fluid to reach site of invasion of micro-organisms or foreign material
    b. Memory cells (a type of cell that recognises an antigen to which body has previously been exposed to)
    o Can spread through all body tissues
    o To allow more rapid response should antigen enter again
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15
Q

Define primary response and its characteristics

A

> 

Primary Response: a response of immune system to first exposure of antigen o	Fairly slow (days to build up large a# of antibodies  o	Slow production of antibodies from B Cell o	Plasma cells secrete > level of antibody increase > reach peak > decline
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16
Q

Define secondary response and its characteristics

A

> 

Secondary Response: response to second or subsequent exposure to antigen (more fast + intense that first) o	Plasma cells form quickly> antibody level in blood rises (higher than primary) o	Quick response= antigen shows little noticeable effect on body
17
Q

What are the 6 ways antibodies work

A

o Combine with foreign enzymes or bacterial toxins, or inactivate them by inhibiting reaction with other cells
o Bind to surface of viruses + prevent from entering cells
o Coat bacteria so that the bacteria more easily consumed by phagocytes
o Cause particles such as bacteria, viruses, foreign blood cells to clump together= agglutination
o Dissolves organisms
o React with soluble substances to make them insoluble and thus more easily consumed by phagocytes

18
Q

What are the 6 ways antibodies work (cheat words)

A 
inactivate 
prevent entering 
coat
agglutination
dissolve
insoluble
19
Q

What are the three steps in cell mediated immunity

A
  1. Foreign antigen enters body > particular type of T-Cell (specially programmed for that antigen) is activated/sensitized
    - Only occurs after B cell encounters foreign antigen, travels to nearest node and presents it to T-Cell
  2. Sensitized T-Cell enlarge and divide forming clone
  3. Clone cells either:
    a. Remain in lymphoid as memory cell (able to recognise original invading antigen and initiate faster response)
    b. Develop further producing three different types of T-Cells
20
Q

what are the three cells that T cells develop into

A

killer helper and suppressor

21
Q

what do killer t cells do

A
  • Migrate to site of infection > deal with invading agent

- Attach to invading cells + secrete substance that will destroy the antigen + then search for more antigens

22
Q

what do helper t cells do (3)

A
  • Secrete # of substances that:
    o Cause lymphocytes at infection site to become sensitized // intensifying response
    o Attract macrophages to place of infection so that macrophages can destroy antigens by phagocytosis
    o Intensify phagocytic activity of macrophages
23
Q

what do suppressor t cells do

A
  • act when immune activity becomes excessive or infection has been dealt with successively
  • Release substances that inhibit T and B cell activity= slow down immune response
24
Q

Define artificial and natural immunity

A
  1. Natural Immunity: immunity that occurs without any human intervention
  2. Artificial Immunity: immunity produced by giving a person an antigen, which triggers the immune response, or by giving person antibodies to an infecting agent
25
Q

define active and passive immunity

A

Passive: immunity produced by introduction of antibodies from another person

active:: immunity produced by the body manufacturing antibodies against a foreign antigen

26
Q

Examples of Natural passive and Ariticial passive

A
  • Natural passive= e.g. can occur when antibodies passed from mother across placenta/ through breast milk to developing foetus
  • Artificial passive= e.g. person injected with antibodies to combat a particular infection
27
Q

Examples of Natural active and Ariticial active

A
  • Natural Active: can result from actual attack of the disease
  • Artificial active: from injection of antigens associated with disease
28
Q

Define immunisation

A

programming immune system so that body can respond rapidly to infecting microorganisms

29
Q

define vaccination/ vaccine

A

> 

Vaccination: introduction of antigens to a person so that they acquire immunity without suffering from illness
Vaccine: an antigen preparation used in immunization
30
Q

what are the four types of traditional vaccines

A
  1. Living attenuated
  2. dead
  3. toxoids
  4. sub unit
31
Q

Describe, pros and cons of live attenuated vaccines

A
  • Describe: (of reduced virulence) creating a reduced ability to produce disease
  • // immunized person does not contract symptoms but manufactures antibodies against antigen
  • Pros: Prolonged response, rapid immunity, known to be efficient
  • Cons: virulence in susceptible hosts, potential reversal of attenuated
32
Q

Describe, pros and cons of dead microorganisms

A
  • Describe: inactivated microorganisms incapable of causing disease
  • Pros: no mutation or reversion, more stable than attenuated
  • Cons: Not prolonged as live attenuated microorganisms, weaker response (multiple shots)
33
Q

Describe, pros and cons of toxoids

A
  • Describe: Inactive toxins
  • Pros: no need for whole organism
  • Cons: only effective is disease caused solely by toxin
34
Q

Describe, pros and cons of subunit

A
  • Describe: Fragment of organisms instead of whole dead or live
  • Pros: can be manipulated to increase immunogenicity, doesn’t use whole organism
  • Cons: costly, not as immunogenic as natural
35
Q

define herd immunity

A

a type of ‘group’ immunity that occurs when such a high proportion of people a population, about 95%, are immunized that those who are not immune are protected

WACE Human Biology (21 decks)

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