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Dermatology > Skin Structure and Function > Flashcards

Skin Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What embryology layer does the epidermis arise from?

A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

What embryology layer does the dermis arise from?

A

Mesoderm

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3
Q

Where do melanocytes arise from in embryology?

A

Neural crest

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4
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?

A 
Keratin layer
Granular layer
prickle cell layer
Basal layer
Dermis
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5
Q

What type of cells make up the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

Basal layer

  • What type of cell?
  • Special feature?
  • Metabolic feature?
A

Small cuboidal
Lots of intermediate filaments (keratin)
Highly metabolically active

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7
Q

Prickle cell layer

  • What type of cells?
  • Special feature?
A

Larger polyherdral
Lots of desmosomes
Intermediate filaments connect desmosomes

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8
Q

Granular layer

  • What is the function of the large keratohylin granules?
  • Lipid content?
A

Contain structural filaggrin & involucrin proteins

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9
Q

Where are lamellar (Oddland) bodies found?

What is their significance?

A

Granular layer

These are secretory organelles found in type II pneumocytes and keratinocytes.

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10
Q

Keratin layer

- Nuclei?

A

No nuclei

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11
Q

What type of cell are melanocytes?
Which organelles do they contain which allows them to do their job?
What are the two types of melanin?
What is the function of melanin and how does it do this?

A

Pigment producing dendritic cells
Melanocytes contain organelles called “melanosomes”, which convert tyrosine to melanin pigment, of which there are two types:
- Eumelanin (brown or black)
- Phaeomelanin (red, yellow)
Melanin absorbs light (neutral density filter).
Full melanosomes (‘melanin granules’) are transferred to adjacent keratinocytes via dendrites, where they form a protective cap over the nucleus.
Melanin caps protect the nuclear DNA in basal cells.

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12
Q

Langerhans cells
What cell type?
Where are they found?
Function?

A

Dendritic
Prickle cell level in epidermis; also found in dermis and lymph nodes
Antigen presenting cells - pick up antigen in skin and circulate to lymph nodes via lymphatic system
Act as “hoovers” to bacteria in the skin

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13
Q

Merkel cells
Where are they located?
Function?

A

Reside in clusters at the tips of nerves, lining the epidermis
Act as mechanoreceptors

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14
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles
Location?
Function?

A

These are nerve endings which lie wedged in the DEJ

Sense light touch

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15
Q

Hair follicles - pilosebaceous unit
Location?
What lies adjacent?

A

Mostly in epidermis, except follicle, which lies in dermis
Sebaceous gland - grease sits on top of the muscle
Arrector pili muscle

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16
Q

What are the three phases of growth in hair follicles?

How long is each?

A 
Anagen = growing, 3-7 years, 90% of hairs
Catagen = involuting, 3-4 weeks, 10% hairs
Telogen = resting phase, each day 50-100; <1% hairs
17
Q

Where does the pigment that makes hair brown lie?

A

In the matrix of the follicles

18
Q

Revise histological structure of pilosebaceous unit + nail

A

Revise histological structure of pilosebaceous unit + nail

19
Q

Dermis
Main cell type?
Other cell types?
What else does it contain?

A

Fibroblast - make collagen and elastic fibers
Macrophages, lymphocytes, mast cells, langerhans cells
Collagen, ground substance, blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves

20
Q

What are the special nerve receptors in the dermis?

A

Pacinian - pressure

Meissners - vibration

21
Q

What are the three types of skin gland?

A
  1. Sebaceous
  2. Apocrine
  3. Eccrine
22
Q

Sebaceous glands

Function?

A

Control moisture loss and protection from bacterial and fungal infection

23
Q

Apocrine sweat glands
Where are they found?
Dependent on what?
Function?

A

Axillae and perineum
Androgen dependent
Produce oily fluid –> odour after bacterial decomposition
“Scent glands”

24
Q

Eccrine sweat glands
Where are they found?
Function?

A

Cover the whole body surface - palms, soles and axillae in particular
Functions include cooling by evaporation, moisten palms/soles to aid grip

25
Q

Give a list of basic functions of the skin

A
  • Barrier function
  • Metabolism & detoxification
  • Thermoregulation
  • Immune defence
  • Communication
  • Sensory functions

Dermatology (17 decks)

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