Lecture #26 - Energy/ATP stuff

Question 1

Real basic:

1. What do we use ATP for and what are the three things?
2. What two things provide the energy to get from ADP to ATP?

Answer 1

1. Cellular work: ionic work (move ions against gradient), mechanical work (physically moving stuff) and biosynthesis (use little molecules to build big things)
2. Glucose and FA

Question 2

1. What is Gibbs Free Energy?
2. What G value will a spontaneous/non spontaneous have? What about equilibrium?
3. What would you do to make an unfavourable reaction favourable?
4. Is the reverse reaction of an unfavourable reaction favourable?

Answer 2

1. Amount of energy given off
2. Negative for spontaneous but positive for not. Equil is 0
3. Couple it with another favourable one
4. Yes

Question 3

1. With the coupling thing - what do the two G values need to add up to?
2. How do enzymes drive necessary unfav reactions?

Answer 3

1. They need to be below 0

2. Enzymes often couple reactions to drive necessary unfav reactions

Question 4

What are the types of G - like G naught etc

Answer 4

1. normal delta G = in a specific conc, temp, press but don’t always know these values or they change so use:
2. Delta G naught = standard conditions: certain temp, conc - all at 1mol/L (even H+) but that aint normal to be so acidic in body so use:
3. Delta G naught prime = under standard conditions but pH = 7

Question 5

Lipids are more reduced than carbs so what can you say about how much they can be oxidised?

Answer 5

0

Question 6

1. What are the two types of reactions that occur in the whole thing?
2. What are the two ways ATP is generated and what two places does it occur?

Answer 6

1. Redox
   - fuel molecules get oxidised
   - coenzymes get reduced

Phosphorylation reactions
-ADP to ATP

2. Substrate level phosphorylation (direct)
   - glycolysis and CAC
   - ene used directly from somewhere to make ATP - coupled directly

Oxidative phosphorylation (indirect)

• reduced co-enzymes
• use ene from oxidation molecules and energy captured in reduced coenzymes - they then become oxidised and release ene for oxidative phos

Question 7

What are the enzymes that do redox

What two things are transferred in redox?

Answer 7

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Question 8

CoEnzymes

1. Subclass of what?
2. Small what?
3. Low ____ in cell
4. Act as?
5. Exist in how many forms?

Answer 8

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Question 9

NAD:

1. What vitamin makes up part of this? (well, derived from)
2. What does it accept and what three things is it involved in?
3. Where do the 2e- go and where does the H+ go?

Answer 9

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Question 10

FAD:

1. What vitamin? (derived from)
2. Accepts what in pathways and what two places is it used? Like what in terms of H+ and e-
3. What can you say about flavin coenzymes regarding their flavoproteins?
4. How does this compare to NAD?

Answer 10

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Question 11

CoA:

1. Derived from what?
2. Carrier of what?
3. What are the two forms?
4. Does it have anything to do with H+ or e-?
5. What does it have on one end?

Answer 11

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