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Large animal medicine I > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

When observing the horse in a PE, what are you looking for when checking the muscles?

A

size, shape, symmetry. look for muscle fasciculations

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2
Q

What does a high creatine kinase (CK) indicate?

A

Myonecrosis

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3
Q

How long does it take after an injury for CK to peak in the serum?

A

4-6 hours

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4
Q

What is the CK elevated to in horses with light training? extreme exercise? colic? rhabdomyolysis?

A

Light - 400-500 IU/L
Extreme - 1000-8000 IU/L
Colic - <3000 IU/L
Rhabdomyolysis - huge variation (100-100,000’s)

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5
Q

What are other causes besides myonecrosis in an increase in serum AST?

A

hemolysis, muscle, liver, and organ damage

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6
Q

How long does it take after an injury for AST to peak in the serum?

A

24 hours

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7
Q

Using clinical pathology skills, what is a good chemistry indicator that myonecrosis is happening?

A

CK remains persistently elevated

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8
Q

What does elevated AST with decreased to normal CK values indicate?

A

Myonecrosis is not continuing

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9
Q

What does elevated CK and AST represent?

A

Recent or active myonecrosis

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10
Q

Besides muscle necrosis, what does an increase in LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) represent?

A

hepatic necrosis

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11
Q

What urinalysis test is used to suggest myoglobinuria?

A

Hemastix test (must not have hemolysis or RBC in urine)

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12
Q

What does renal fractions excretions determine?

A

FEs determine electrolyte balances in blood and urine

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13
Q

What is the purpose of an exercise challenge test?

A

To see if there is a disease precipitated by exercise

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14
Q

When should serum CK samples be taken in an exercise challenge test?

A
  1. ) before

2. ) 4-6 after exercise

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15
Q

What would you typically see in serum CK values in a horse with muscle disease?

A

over 3x increase in CK

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16
Q

What will horses with muscle abnormalities show on an electromyography?

A

spontaneous electrical activity

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17
Q

What are electromyographies and nerve conduction velocities used to classify?

A

Whether the disease is neuropathic or myopathic

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18
Q

What does nuclear scintigraphy help do?

A

Can find areas of muscle damage, particular deep

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19
Q

What is sweeney?

A

When the suprascapular nerve is damage and causes shoulder muscle atrophy

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20
Q

How quickly does a denervated muscle lose mass?

A

2-3 weeks

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21
Q

What is myotonia dystrophica?

A

When the muscles are progressively getting mroe and more contracted with the slightest stimuli

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22
Q

How do you definitively diagnose myotonia dystrophica?

A

electromyography

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23
Q

What sound do you hear with EMG in a horse with myotonia dystrophica?

A

dive bomber sound, high frequency repetitive bursts

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24
Q

What treatment has been reportedto be effective in quarter horses with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis and myotonic dystrophy?

A

Phenytoin

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25
Q

What is a non-dystrophic myotonia disease?

A

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

26
Q

What is the cause of HYPP?

A

inherited defect in the sodium channels of skeletal muscles

27
Q

What are the clinical signs of HYPP?

A

from asymptomatic to muscle fasciculations and weakness, sweating

28
Q

What are some factors to trigger symptoms of HYPP?

A

Stress, sudden changes, anesthesia

29
Q

T/F: Exercise does not trigger HYPP clinical signs

A

True

30
Q

T/F: you can easily diagnose HYPP due to changes to serum CK

A

False. barely any changes

31
Q

What is the definitive diagnosis for HYPP in horses?

A

DNA encoding of the sodium channel to show its faultiness

32
Q

How can you control HYPP in a horse?

A

Decrease potassium in diet and avoid increasing its levels.

33
Q

What does acetazolamide do for horses with HYPP?

A

stabilizes BG and potassium via increased insulin secretion, so helps with K levels

34
Q

What causes muscle cramping to occur?

A

Hyperactivity of motor units. Repetitive firing of peripheral and central nervous system

35
Q

What are the dietary issues that may lead to muscle cramping?

A

Sodium or potassium deficiencies

36
Q

What are some electrolyte abnormalities seen with muscle cramping?

A

hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis with hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia,

37
Q

T/F: Muscle cramping will lead to increased values CK, AST, and/or myoglobinuria

A

False.

38
Q

How do you treat mild muscle cramps?

A

You don’t, self limiting

39
Q

What is the inciting cause for synchronous diaphragmatic flutter? (thumps)

A

Hypocalcemia

40
Q

What are some causes of thumps?

A

prolonged exercise, hypocalcemia, GI tract issues, furosemide, trauma, 1ary hypoparathyroidism

41
Q

How do you treat synchronous diaphragmatic flutters?

A

Give IV calcium and control with supplements

42
Q

What organism causes ear tick muscle cramps?

A

Otobius megnini

43
Q

T/F: Ear tick muscle cramp cause an increase in serum CK

A

True. 4000-170,000 IU/L

44
Q

How do you treat eat tick muscle cramps?

A

locally with pyrethrins.

ace can help relieve the pain

45
Q

What are the two forms of nonexertional rhabdomyolysis?

A

Inflammatory myopathy, nutritional myopathy

46
Q

What bacteria is responsible for nonexertional rhabdomyolysis?

A

clostridium

47
Q

What are the clinical sigs for clostridial myonecrosis?

A

rapidly progressive tremors, ataxia, dyspnea, recumbence, coma, death (within 24 hours)

48
Q

Where you see the site of infection with clostridial myonecrosis?

A

Recent injection sites

49
Q

T/F: Serum CK and AST are definitive diagnostics for clostridial myonecrosis

A

False

50
Q

How do you treat clostridial myonecrosis?

A

Aggressive specific therapy with supportive care

51
Q

What organisms causes severe acute generalized rhabdomyolysis?

A

Streptococcus equi.

52
Q

Besides muscle disorders, what else is effected with severe acute generalized rhabdomyolysis?

A

blood cells

53
Q

How do you control the pain in a horse with rhabdomyolsis associated strep equi?

A

CRI lidocaine, detomidine, or ketamine

54
Q

What horse breed is associated with immune-mediated polymyositis?

A

quarter horses

55
Q

What organism is associated with IMM?

A

strep. equi

56
Q

What is a good treatment for IMM?

A

corticosteroids

57
Q

How would you diagnose a seasonal pasture myopathy or atypical myopathy?

A

Find deficiency in acyl CoA dehydrogenase, or isolate the toxic metabolite methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid (MCPA)

58
Q

What organisms causes seasonal pasture/atypical myopathy?

A

Seeds of the Acer tree species

59
Q

What are the two forms of postanesthetic myoneuropathy?

A
  1. ) localized myopathy-neuropathy

2. ) generalized myopathy

60
Q

T/F: Localized myopathy-neuropathies have complicated recoveries despite treatment

A

False.

61
Q

What can you give to prevent the break down of muscle damage in a horse with generalized anesthetic reactions?

A

Dantrolene

Large animal medicine I (6 decks)

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