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Immunology 3115 > Cells and Organs of the Immune System > Flashcards

Cells and Organs of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Formation and development of RBS and WBC

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2
Q

White blood cells

A

Granulocytes
Mast Cells
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

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3
Q

Granulocytes

A

Look granular under microscope
Include neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
Myeloid progenitor

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4
Q

Mast cells

A

Sometimes considered granulocytes
Not present in blood
Precursors migrate from bone marrow into blood to epithelial tissue
Cause allergic reactions
Myeloid progenitor
Differentiate while entering tissues
Blood vessels and nerves
Connective tissue and mucosal mast cells
Resemble basophils
Important initiators of inflammation, contain histamine
Make leukotrienes, prostaglandins, cytokines

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5
Q

Monocytes

A

Found in blood
Differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells
Myeloid progenitor
Promonocytes leave one marrow and become monocytes in blood
Circulate for ~8h
Migrate into tissues and become macrophages
Phagocytosis of microorganisms and O-dep and O-indep killing

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6
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Precursors develop in bone marrow
T cells (70-80%) and NKT cells differentiate in thymus
NK (5-10%) cells differentiate in bone marrow
Lymphoid progenitor
B cells: 10-20%

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7
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

Formation of platelets

Myeloid progenitor

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8
Q

Sites of hematopoiesis

A

Change as we develop
Fetus: yolk sac, liver and spleen, bone marrow
Infants: bone marrow in practically all bones
Adults: vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, sacrum, pelvis, femurs

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9
Q

Bone marrow

A

Primary lymphoid tissue
Involved in production of lymphocytes
Stem cells, microenvironment, hematopoietic growth factors

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10
Q

Hematopoietic stem cell

A

Express cell adhesion molecules that attach themselves to extracellular matrix and stromal cells

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11
Q

Microenvironment

A

Created by stromal cells and extracellular matrix

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12
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Attachment of stem cells and progenitor cells

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13
Q

Stromal cells

A 
Physical support (scaffold) for growth of hematopoietic cells
Provide nutrients, produce hematopoietic growth factors (presented to immobilized stem cells) and express adhesion molecules that influence differentiation
Include macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and adipocytes
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14
Q

Hematopoietic growth factors

A

Glycoproteins that act at low concentrations
Produced by stromal cells, monocytes and lymphocytes
May affect more than one cell lineage
Show synergistic action with other growth factors
Active on stem cells/functional end cells

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15
Q

Myeloid progenitor growth factors

A

IL3, CM-CSF, IL6

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16
Q

Lymphoid progenitor growth factors

A

IL7 +

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17
Q

Granulopoiesis

A

Neutrophils
IL3, GM-CSF, G-CSF
Granulocytes have segmented nucleus and granules in the cytoplasm
Maintained at steady state in absence of infection
Similar maturation as eosinophils (IL5) and basophil (IL4)

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18
Q

Monocytopoiesis

A

Same progenitor cells as neutrophils except M-CSF instead of G-CSF
Gradual nuclear folding
Acquisition of cytoplasmic granules
Monoblast to promonocyte to monocyte

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19
Q

Lymphopoiesis

A

T cells, B cells, NKT and NK cells
IL3, Il7, IL4 +
Stages of maturation defined by surface antigen expression

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20
Q

B Cells

A 
CD20 is marker
Mature in bone marrow
Activated within primary follicles and then move to secondary follicles to become memory or plasma cells
Express membrane-bound immunoglobulin
Secrete and produce antibodies
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21
Q

NK cells

A

Mature within bone marrow

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22
Q

T cells

A

Mature in thymus
Prothymocytes to thymocytes
Must interact with cytokines and different cell types

23
Q

NKT cells

A

Mature in thymus
Prothymocytes to thymocytes
Must interact with cytokines and different cell types

24
Q

Homeostasis of hematopoiesis

A

Accomplished by:

  1. Controlling cytokine production
  2. Expression of receptors for hematopoietically active cytokines
  3. Controlled apoptosis
25
Q

Apoptosis

A
  1. Decreased cell volume
  2. Chromatin condensation
  3. DNA fragmentation
  4. Membrane blabbing
    Does not cause inflammation
26
Q

Primary lymphoid tissue

A

Thymus and bone marrow

Maturation of lymphocytes

27
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissue

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, various mucous associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) (i.e.. GALT)
Antigen is trapped, providing opportunity for interaction with mature lymphocytes and antigen-dependent maturation of T and B cells

28
Q

Tertiary lymphoid tissues

A

Contain few lymphoid tissues than secondary lymphoid organs
Import lymphoid cells during inflammatory response
ie. Cutaneous-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT): first site where a pathogen puncturing epithelial cells encounters immune cells

29
Q

Thymus

A

Sure of T and NKT cells maturation
Large in babies, shrinks in pregnancy
Bi-lobed, encapsulated organ with lobules separated by connective trabecular
Outermost cortex is densely packed with immature, proliferating thymocytes (undergoing apoptosis)
Inner medulla is sparsely populated with mature thymocytes undergoing positive and negative selection

30
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Network of vessels that collect fluid from tissues
Mature lymphocytes circulate in lymphatic system
Lymph is collected and eventually drain into thoracic duct

31
Q

Afferent lymphatic vessels

A

Bring lymph fluid containing antigen carrying dendritic cells, particulate antigen and lymphocytes to regional lymph nodes

32
Q

Efferent lymphatic vessels

A

Take lymph fluid from lymph nodes into venous circulation

Carry antibodies secreted by plasma cells, activated/memory T cells and B cells

33
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Bean shaped capsule, distributed around vessels
Sinuses
Cortex (outside), paracortex, medulla (inside)
Site of generation of T and B cell antibody responses to specific antigen
Site where lymphocytes can interact with antigens and presenting cells (esp interdigitating dendritic cells)
Phagocytosis of particulate matter prevents entry into blood stream

34
Q

Lymph node cortex

A

Outside-most

Primary follicles and secondary follicles

35
Q

Primary follicles of lymph nodes

A

Naive B cells, follicular dendritic cells, macrophages

36
Q

Follicular dendritic cells

A

Concentrated antigens to make them more readily available to B cells

37
Q

Secondary follicles

A

Activated B cells in germinal layers: proliferating and undergoing expansion and differentiation

38
Q

Paracortex of lymph node

A

T cells, interdigitating dendritic cells

Site where T cells respond to foreign antigens presented by dendritic cells

39
Q

Medulla of lymph node

A

Phagocytic macrophages, antibody secreted plasma cells, some activated/memory T and B cells moving into the efferent lymph

40
Q

High endothelial venules

A

Sites within vasculature of lymph nodes that are specialized to allow B and T cells to move from blood into lymph nodes
T and B cells that have not become activated by antigens exit via efferent vessel to go to another node

41
Q

Spleen

A

Immune responses are mounted against antigens in the blood
Old/defective RBCs are phagocytosed and recycled
Large, ovoid organ in upper left quadrant of abdominal cavity
White and red pulp separated by marginal zone
Swells during infection

42
Q

White pulp

A

In spleen

Generation of T cell responses and B cells responses against blood borne antigens

43
Q

Marginal zone

A

Interdigitating dendritic cells trap blood borne antigens and transport them to white pulp
Surrounds vascular bed

44
Q

Red pulp

A

Defective/old RBCs and blood born pathogens are phagocytosed by macrophages

45
Q

Neutrophils

A

AKA polymorphonuclear leukocyte (multi lobed appearance)
Produced in bone marrow and released into blood
Circulate for 7-10h
Migrate into tissue and die within 48h, signal from macrophages and tissue
Segmented nucleus connected by chromatin strands
Primary and secondary granules
Primary phagocytosis of bacteria and debris
Killing of ingested bacteria (O dependent and O independent)

46
Q

O dependent neutrophil killing

A

Reactive O intermediates

Reative nitrogen intermediates

47
Q

O independent neutrophil killing

A

Defensives
Lysozyme
Hydrolytic enzymes
Tumor necrosis factor

48
Q

Eosinophils

A

Produced in bone marrow and released into blood
Segmented nucleus, spherical granules
12-17nm
Anti parasitic function
Involved in allergic reactions
Contain lysosomal and oxygen radicals
Contain eosinophil cationic protein: anti-parasite protein

49
Q

Basophils

A

Produced in bone marrow and released into blood
Segmented nucleus, spherical purple granules
Back up mast cell responses in inflammation, involve din allergic reactions, contain histamine
Make leukotrienes and prostaglandins

50
Q

Macrophages

A

Travel by amoeboid movement
Named based on location
Recruitment of immune system cells into inflammatory site
Secrete cytokines and chemokine
Present antigen to T cells: Class 1 and 2 MHC
Activated by phagocytosis, Th1 cytokines (IFNgamma), inflammatory mediators, bacterial components

51
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Produced in bone major
Released into blood
Migrate into various tissues
Most potent professional antigen presenting cells: do not have to be activated
Long membrane extensions
MHC1 and MHC2
Migrate to lymph nodes and present antigen to T cells

52
Q

NKT cells

A

Express functional T cell receptors that interact with CD1 instead of Class 1 and 2 MHC
Innate immunity

53
Q

CD4+ T cells

A

Help activate CD8+ T cells, B cells, macrophages and other immune systems
Regulate immune responses
Function by producing a range of different cytokines

54
Q

CD8+ T cells

A

Kill virus-infected cells and cancer cells

Immunology 3115 (14 decks)

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