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PSYO 2130 > CH1-3 > Flashcards

CH1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Introspection

A

technique for learning about mental processes

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2
Q

Behavioursim

A

focus on observable, objective reactions to timuli in the env
contributions to modern research methods

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3
Q

Gestalt psyo

A

humans have basic tendences to organize what we see

whole is greater than the sum

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4
Q

Cog rev - 3 parts of more popularity

A

linguistics - couldn’t be explained by behaviourism
memory
dev psyo

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5
Q

Information processing approach

A

1) our mental processes are similar to computer
2) info progresses through a series of stages
atkinson schiffer

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6
Q

atkinson schiffer

A

sensory memory - ST - LT

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7
Q

cognitive neuropsyo

A

how the brain works and contribs to thinking and cognition

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8
Q

Mental chronometry

A

measurement of mental processing through reaction times and accuracies

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9
Q

computer simulation

A

model like human thinking. Same process and errors

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10
Q

AI

A

better than human thinking

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11
Q

critical assumption of cognitive neuro

A

the mind depends fundamentally on the brain so if you want to inderstand the mind you have to understand the brain.

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12
Q

Brain lesions

A

Map damage to functions

Assumes modularity, generalizability

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13
Q

Trancranial mag stim

A

hyperpolarize regions of neurons - temporary lesion - using applied magnetic force

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14
Q

Positron Emission Tomography

A

positrons emitted from radioactive decay
radioactive tracer goes with blood and find blood flow with the decay.
FUNCTIONAL IMAGE - not structural. Shows bloodflow correlated with activity
High spatial res
Radioactivity :(
Poor temporal res and interpertational issue of excitation/inhibition

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15
Q

FMRI

A

Like PET - no radioactivity and faster and precise

Better temporal resolution.

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16
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI

A

works on blood. Oxygenated blood has more iron and more mag properties
High spatial res, non-intrusive, humans and animals
Expensive, poor temporal
Interpretational problem: brain is active in excitation and inhibition

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17
Q

Event related potentials

A

Measure gross electrical changes when people are doing mental activities.
ELectrodes all over scalp see electrical activity in groups of neurons
Great temporal res, non-intrusive, used on infants, inexpensive
Not structural, poor spatial, only scalp activity, multi-trial filtering

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18
Q

Magneto-encephalography

A

measures the magnetic fields generated by neural activity
functional image
spatial and temporal res
direct measure of brain function, non-invasive, no applied magnetic field
magnetic fields are weak tho and dhielding can happen

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19
Q

Single cell recording

A

measuring indv neuron’s response to a stimulus
Highest spatial res, on-line measurement of behaviour so high temporal too
BUT highly invasive - surgery involved

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20
Q

The conectionist approach

A

Parallel distrib processing

argues that cog processes can be understood in terms of a network. Computer models are too simple

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21
Q

serial processing

A

one step at a time (used in computer models)

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22
Q

convergence

A

seek evidence that similar results ca be observed across different measurements of mental activity

Increases generalizability

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23
Q

Sensation vs perception

A

sensation = transformation of physical or mechanical energy into a neural signal that the brain can understand. Bottom up

Perception = the mental outcome (interpretation) of sensory transformation. Our experience and interp of a sensory experience. Depends on bottom up and top down

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24
Q

Figure-ground reversals

A

illusions where we fluctuate bt what thing we choose to be int he forground and what thing in the background

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25
Q

Two explanations for figure ground reversals

A

1- neurons bcm accustomed to one way and are more likely to see the reverse
2- trying to solve visual paradox by offering two reasonable solutions

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26
Q

Distance illusions

A

Demonstrate top down influence on perception. Brain automatically accounts for distance and integrates that into interp

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27
Q

Colour constancy

A

brain automatically adjusts for effects of lighting

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28
Q

distal stimulus

A

the object out there in the environment

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29
Q

proximal stim

A

the information registored on your sensory receptors

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30
Q

iconic memory

A

visual sensory memory

preserves an image of visual stim for a brief period after the stim disappears

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31
Q

the primary visual cortex

A

in the occipital lobe

information registered on the retina makes its way there

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32
Q

Law of Pragnance

A

Gestalt theory
We interepret stimuli in the simplest possible way
Group parts so they belong together. Impart order

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33
Q

Principles of gestalt

A 
proximity
similarity
good continuation
closure
common fate
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34
Q

illusory contours

A

we see edges even if they aren’t visually present

represent closure in gestalt theory

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35
Q

common fate

A

gestalt theory

things that move together belong together

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36
Q

recognition depends on

A

bottom up and top down processing

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37
Q

template matching

A

an old theory of recognition that was debunked
template stored as a model
We can recognize new objects (like new penmanship)
we recognize the canonical view fastest

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38
Q

canonical

A

the most common view of an object

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39
Q

feature analysis/detection

A

objects are comprised of distinct features;
good for explaining reading;
good neural plausibility because of cells responding to different features independently;
Criticisms: too bottom-up ; items in nature have really complex features

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40
Q

recognition by components

A

geons make up objects
feature analysis that allows us to recognize 3D objects;
1. find edges
2. examine intersections
3. compare/rotate (to our stored representation)

41
Q

Theories of recognition (4)

A

Template matching
Feature detection/analysis
Recognition by components
Conceptually driven recognition

42
Q

view-centred approach

A

used in recognition by components;

we mentally rotate the object until it matches a stored representation

43
Q

testing the recognition by components theory

A

we assume that intersections are more important that continuous edges;
remove 65% of info in drawings from each of these and find that people can detect what the images are more often if info from the continuous lines are taken away rather than the intersections;

44
Q

conceptually driven recognition

A

recognition depends on bottom-up and top-down processing;
Categorization - the way we categorize info influences the speed at which we recognize things
(fastest) BASIC: dog/cat
SUPERORDINATE: animal
SUBORDINATE: breed

45
Q

categorization of objects

A

basic - dog/cat
superordinate - animal
suordinate - breed

basic is fastest

46
Q

word superiority effect

A

evidence for the role of knowledge in recognition
We recognize a single letter more rapidly in a familiar words than in a string of nonsense latters
Easier to recognize a word in a sentence than on its own

47
Q

interpreting chicken scratch

A

people are more likely to rely on top down processing when reading penmanship and rely more heavily on bottom-up processing when printing is neat.

48
Q

change blindness

A

we rely too heavily on top-down processing and fail to recognize a change in object or scene

we recognize a change more readily when it is meaningful to the situation rather than subtle or random

49
Q

intattentional blindness

A

when people are paying attention to some events in a scene, they pay fail to notice an unexpected but completely visible object

50
Q

face perception depends on…

A

holistic processing / view faces in terms of gestalt

51
Q

face inversion effect

A

we are much less proficient at processing faces that are upside down

52
Q

face recognition brain parts

A

specialized cells for face recognition in the INFEROTEMPORAL CORTEX in the lower part of the TEMPORAL LOBE

cells here getmost excited for whole faces. They fire less and less as pieces of the face go missing

53
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

lesion in the FUSIFORM FACE AREA
lose ability to recognize faces, not objects
See voice, height, smile etc but not who that person is

54
Q

face identification in schizophrenia

A

demonstrates an example of individual differences

more difficulty percieving faces so slower, but no less accurate

55
Q

phoneme

A

basic unit of language (sound)

40-45 in english

56
Q

speech perception survives…

A

changes in:

  • pitch, tone
  • rate of prod
  • coarticulation
57
Q

coarticulation

A

when we make a sound it is influences byt the sound before it and the sound that we know we are about to make.

58
Q

phonemic restoration

A

overcoming masking by other sounds.
filling in the blanks
allows us to deal with sloppy pronunciation

59
Q

word boundaries

A

words being spoken actually run seamlessly together but we interpret spaces
speech recognition system considres different options and then immediately and effortlessly uses our knowledge about language in order to place boundaries in appropriate locations

60
Q

influence of visual cues on speech merception

A

THE MCGURK EFFECT
the influence of visual information on speech perception. People integrate auditory and visual information (gag vs bab)
integration occurs in the superior temporal sulcus

61
Q

the special mechanism approach

A

theory of speech perception
humans are born with a specialized device - phonetic module - that allows us to decode speech stimuli
as a result we process speech sounds more quickly and accurately than other sound stimuli
doesn’t fit with other types of cognition because the rest in interconnected;

62
Q

phonetic module

A

the specialized device in our brain that allows us to percieve speech so well according to the special device approach

63
Q

the general mechanism approach to understanding speech perception

A

we perceive speech without any special module;
people use the same neural mechanisms to interpret non-speech sounds;
speech uses visual cues so its perception isn’t independent;

64
Q

two reasons why speech is special

A

1 - it is learned by almost everyone (kids, intellectually challenged, there must be some kind of phonetic module)
2 - Categorical percpeption

65
Q

categorical perception

A

speech sounds are expanded between categories and compressed within.

  • voice onset time
  • happens for colour too
66
Q

define attention

A

a concentration of mental activity that allows you to take in a limited portion of informaiton available from sensory world and memory

67
Q

selecting items for further processing involves…

A

filtering out distracters

resolving response conflict (choosing which notable stimuli to attend to)

68
Q

divided attention task

A

hear two messages and respond to both

pace and accuracy suffer

69
Q

task-switching

A

related to multitasking. It’s what you’re really doing. Multitasking or being continually interrputed have the same effects on performance. Go more slowly and make more errors

70
Q

a selective attention task

A

requires people to pay attention to certain kinds of stimuli while ignoring other ongoing information

71
Q

dichotic listening

A

they don’t note much information from the side they are ignoring - not even language switches
do notice when the voice switches genders

72
Q

people are more likely to process the unattended message in dichotic listening if…

A

the messages are presented more slowly
the task isn’t challenging
the meaning of the unattended message is immediately relevant
if the message is split, the listener will still complete the true messge even though they were ignoring the same ear the whole time

73
Q

the cocktail part effect

A

people will notice their name at a party even if they aren’t paying attention to that source.
you are more likely to hear your name more often if you have a smaller working memory

74
Q

stroop task

A

YELLOW written in red
the congruency effect when YELLOW is written in yellow (you go faster)
emotional stroop task - go slower when the owrd is triggering

75
Q

stroop task brain areas

A

the test activates the executive attention network (anterior cingulate cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)
these areas pop up when there is information competing for a response

76
Q

flanker task

A

shows the limits in our abilities to solve conflict
congruent condition: all things are doing the same thing. rxn times fast
when the target is different from all of the flankers, reaction times are much slower

77
Q

feature search

A

faster

easier to find positive features rather than negative features

78
Q

conjunction search

A

requires serial serching. As the feild gets more cluttered it takes longer for yu to do the task

79
Q

feature present vs feature absent

A

feature present is mostly bottom up and feature absent requires both / serial search

80
Q

eye movements in reading

A

saccadic eye movements so that important part registered by fovea
each saccade about 7-9 letters
size of saccade smaller if there is a difficult word or a spelling error
fixations every 2 saccades
perceptual span, 4 letters to left and 15 to right
less regression for good readers

81
Q

orienting attention network

A

responsible for the kind of attention required for a visual search/spatial task.
Parietal lobe active.
left parietal lobe damage -> right unilateral spatial neglect

82
Q

executive attention network

A

responsible for the kind of attention needed for tasks that focus on conflict (stroop task)/
Need to inhibit one response to produce another one.
Activity in prefrontal cortex. Related to areas that are good for general intelligence.
Involved in top-down control of attention

83
Q

bottleneck theories

A

inaccurate. Limit on the amount of information that can get through to the brain at one time.
Underestimates the flexibility of human attention.

84
Q

feature integration theory

A

feature search happens without attention

there is a bridge between distributed and focused attention to help us best perceive scenes.

85
Q

distributed attentio

A

allowsyou to register features automatically and simultaneously using parallel distrib. Low level processing.

86
Q

focused attention

A

slow, serial processing. Necessary when objects are more complex.

87
Q

illusory conjection

A

an inappropriate combination of features. Shows that the visual system processes features individually (eg green M and blue U)

88
Q

covert orienting

A

when your attention isn’t where your eyes are pointed

89
Q

exogenous attention

A

attention controlled by things out int he world (something grabs your attention)

90
Q

endogenous attention

A

we decide what to pay attention to. What we want to know. Top down control.

Explains why you are more likely to see something if you are expecting to see it.

91
Q

mindless reading

A

wind wandering during reading. eye movements change

92
Q

mind wandering

A

a shift from external env to favor internal processing

93
Q

validity of introspection

A

not v good.
Not a good way to research because we aren’t always right about how we are thinking and we don’t always know how it happened at all

94
Q

blindsight

A

vision without awareness

seen inpeople with damage to visual cortex

95
Q

overt orienting

A

orienting when we move our eyes

smooth pursuit / saccades

96
Q

eye tracking

A

saccadic reaction time

chronometric analysis. How long it takes to initiate a saccadic eye movement

97
Q

scene analysis

A

eye movements reflect the way we process things
alternating saccades and fixation
mapping eye movements when we look at a face
motivated scan paths

98
Q

trajectory

A

path of an eye movement
number and duration of fixations.
tells us how we process info
voluntarily orienting attention

99
Q

moving window technique

A

determining perceptual span

PSYO 2130 (3 decks)

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