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BIOL 315 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Tay Sach’s Disease?

A

Ganglioside accumulation inbrain caused by loss of hexosaminidase A resulting in impaired functions

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2
Q

What is hexosaminidase A?

A

Lysosomal enzyme that degrades gangliosides

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3
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Defective chloride ion transport due to loss of CFTR resulting in thick mucus in the lungs

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4
Q

What is I-cell disease?

A

Lysosome doesn’t receive lysosomal enzymes and they become engorged because a phosphotransferase enzyme that adds mannose-6-phosphate is defective

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5
Q

What are the 3 lysosomal storage diseases?

A

Type II glycogenosis
Hurler syndrome, Hunter syndrome
Tay-sachs disease

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6
Q

What is Type II glycogenosis?

A

accumulation of excessive glycogen

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7
Q

What is Hurler, Hunter syndrome?

A

accumulation of glycosaminogylcans

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8
Q

What are the 5 function of membranes?

A
  1. Define boundaries
  2. Site of biological function
  3. Regulate movement of substances
  4. Detect external signals
  5. Mechanisms for cell-to-cell communication
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9
Q

What comprises the “fluid” part of the fluid mosaic model?

A

Membrane lipids

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10
Q

What are the 3 main classes of membrane lipids?

A

Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Sterols

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11
Q

What are phospholipids?

A
  • most abundant

- include phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids

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12
Q

What are glycolipids?

A
  • formed by adding carb and lipids

- include cerebrosides and gangliosides, glycosphingolipids, and glycoglycerolipids

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13
Q

What are cerebrosides?

A

Neutral glycolipids

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14
Q

What are gangliosides?

A

oligosaccharide head with one or more negatively charged sialic acid residue

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15
Q

What types of lipids are prominent in brain and nerve cells?

A

Glycolipids (cerebrosides and gangliosides)

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16
Q

What are sterols?

A

-include cholesterol, phytosterols, ergosterol

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17
Q

What sterol is used in animal cell membranes?

A

Cholesterol

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18
Q

What type of sterol is used in plant cell membranes?

A

phytosterols

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19
Q

What type of sterol is used in fungal cell membranes?

A

ergosterol

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20
Q

What are the 2 common saturated fatty acids?

A

Palmitate (16)

Stearate (18)

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21
Q

What are the 2 common unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Oleate (1 double bond)

Linoleate (2 double bonds)

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22
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

Have more than one double bond

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23
Q

What type of unsaturated fat occurs naturally?

A

Cis unsaturated fat

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24
Q

What is the FRAP technique?

A

laser uses fluorescent signal and watch live cells to see if they move to replenish the area damaged by the laser

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25
Q

What are lipid rafts?

A

Localized regions of membrane lipids in association with specific proteins, dynamic structures

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26
Q

How do lipid rafts form?

A

Actin-binding proteins present suggesting cytoskeleton may play a role in their formation

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27
Q

Depleting cholesterol from a membrane or disrupting the actin cytoskeleton can interfere with

A

targeting of proteins to rafts

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28
Q

What are the functions of lipid rafts?

A
  1. Transport nutrients and ions across membranes
  2. Bind immune cells to microbial targets
  3. Transport cholera toxin to intestinal cells
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29
Q

What is the “mosaic” part of the fluid-mosaic model?

A

membrane proteins

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30
Q

What are the 3 types of membrane proteins?

A

integral
peripheral
lipid anchored

31
Q

What are integral membrane proteins?

A

embedded in lipid bilayer because of their hydrophobic regions

32
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

hydrophilic located on surface of the bilayer

33
Q

What are lipid-anchored proteins

A

hydrophilic and attached to the bilayer by covalent attachments to lipid molecules embedded in the bilayer

34
Q

What is an integral monotropic protein?

A

integral membrane protein embedded in just one side of the bilayer

35
Q

What is a singlepass protein and an example?

A 
Transmembrane protein (spans both sides) that cross once 
ex. glycophorin
36
Q

What is a multipass protein and an example?

A

Transmembrane protein that cross several times

ex. bacteriorhodopsin

37
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

Addition of acarbohydrate side chain to a protein

38
Q

Glycosylation begins in ___ and finishes in ____

A

ER

Golgi compartments

39
Q

N-linked Glycosylation

A

addition of a carb to the nitrogen atom of an amino group

40
Q

O-linked Glycosylation

A

addition of a carb to the oxygen atom of a hydroxyl group

41
Q

What are the most common sugars attached to proteins?

A

Galactose
Mannose
N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)
Sialic acid

42
Q

Describe SDS PAGE Technique

A

Add SDS to protein to give it net negative charge and disrupt secondary structure of protein. Introduce electric current, proteins migrate in same direction. Negatively charged atoms move down gradient.

43
Q

During SDS PAGE, charged proteins run

A

Cathode to anode

- to +

44
Q

After SDS PAGE

A

transfer proteins from gel to membrane, introduce antibody, wash, introduce secondary blot, expose thin film

45
Q

We use SDS PAGE and antibodies in a technique called

A

Western blot

46
Q

Advantage of western blot

A

Shows us actual size

47
Q

Describe polyclonal antibodies

A

mixture of antibodies, produced by clonally related B cells

nonrenewable

48
Q

Describe monoclonal antibodies

A

Single antibody against single antigen

Grown from cultured cells

49
Q

What three mechanisms are involved in moving solutes across membranes?

A
  1. simple diffusion
  2. facilitated diffusion
  3. active transport
50
Q

Facilitated diffusion utilizes what types of channels to allow specific solutes to cross the membrane directly?

A

ion channels
porins
aquaporins

51
Q

What are ion channels?

A

tiny pores lined with hydrophilic atoms

most allow passage of just oneion

52
Q

What are the functions of ion channels?

A
  1. muscle contraction
  2. electrical signaling of nerve cells
  3. maintain salt balance in cells and airways
53
Q

What ion channel maintains proper chloride concentration in cells

A

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)

54
Q

What are porins

A

pores formed by multipass transmembrane proteins that allow rapid passage of various solutes

55
Q

What is the structure of porins

A

The beta barrel has water-filled pore at its center. Polar side chains line inside of pore (tell hydrophilic solutes to pass). Outside of barrel contains nonpolar side chains interact with hydrophobic interior of membrane.

56
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

Transmembrane channels that allow rapid passage of water

57
Q

What is structure of aquaporins?

A

tetrameric integral membrane proteins. Central channels are lined with hydrophilic side chains

58
Q

What is the E1 conformation of the Na+/K+ pump

A

open to inside of the cell and has high affinity for Na+ ions

59
Q

What is the E2 conformation of the Na+/K+ pump

A

open to outside of the cell and has high affinity for K+ ions

60
Q

Describe the mechanism of the Na+/K+ pump?

A
  1. 3 Na+ binds to E1 conformation
  2. Triggers phosphorylation of the alpha subunit by ATP
  3. Pump shifts to E2, causes release of Na+ ions outside the cell
  4. K+ ions bind to alpha subunit outside
  5. Dephosphorylation of alpha subunit occurs, E1 conformation restored
  6. K+ ions carried to inside of the cell and released
61
Q

Name the 4 components of the endomembrane system

A
  1. ER
  2. Golgi Complex
  3. Endosomes
  4. Lysosomes
62
Q

Function of the ER

A

synthesize proteins and lipids

63
Q

Rough ER

A
  • Form large flattened sheets
64
Q

Functions of Rough ER

A
  1. synthesize proteins
  2. add carbs to glycoproteins
  3. fold polypeptides
  4. recognize remove misfolded proteins
  5. Assemble multimeric proteins
65
Q

Smooth ER functions

A
  1. drug detox
  2. carb metabolism
  3. calcium storage
  4. steroid biosynthesis
  5. biosynthesis of membranes
66
Q

What is an example of carb metabolism function of Smooth ER

A

glycogen breakdown (via phosphorolysis) in liver to provide energy source during fasting or exercise, producing glucose 6 phosphate

67
Q

What is the CGN?

A

cis-Golgi Network

oriented toward ER

68
Q

What is the TGN?

A

trans-Gogli Network

oriented away from ER

69
Q

Describe the stationary cisternae model

A

cisterna is a stable structure
transport between cisterna mediated by shuttle vesicles
bud off from one cisterna and fuse with the next via cis-to-trans sequence

70
Q

Describe the cisternal maturation model

A

Golgi cisternae are transient compartments
gradually change from CGN to TGN
Enzymes not needed later are returned (recycled)

71
Q

What are the roles of ER and Golgi complex in protein trafficking?

A
  • sorting proteins
  • retention and retrieval tags
  • fusion protein experiments
  • protein sorting in TGN
72
Q

What is the RXR tag

A

NMDA receptor has it
causes NMDA to be retained in ER till complex completely assembles
Retention tag

73
Q

what is a retrieval tag

A

KDEL or KKXX

receptor ligand complex is packaged into a transport vesicle for return to the ER

BIOL 315 (4 decks)

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