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Direct Restoration > History and Use of Dental Amalgam > Flashcards

History and Use of Dental Amalgam Flashcards

1
Q

Year silver amalgam was introduced:

A

1819, Charles Bell, 1836 to U.S.

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2
Q

Amalgam was first marketed as:

A

Bell’s putty

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3
Q

Who brought amalgam to U.S.

A

Crawcour brothers ‘Royal Mineral Succedaneum’ silver (coins) and mercury expanded, post op pain, fracture, elevated occl contact

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4
Q

Amalgam War started:

A

1841-1850

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5
Q

First amalgam placers were called:

A

Quick Silver Quaks

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6
Q

Year amalgam use would be malpractive:

A

1843 (american society of dental surgeons)

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7
Q

Amalgam Pledge:

A

1845-no one in dentistry could use, must sign pledge, rescinded in 1850’s, research began

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8
Q

G.V. Black created:

A

Classical amalgam cavity design, classification system, formula for “conventional amalgam”

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9
Q

Formula for “conventional” amal circa 1896:

A

72.5% silver and 27.5% tin-mercury

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10
Q

Yrs of 2nd amal war:

A

1926-1930

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11
Q

Dr. that started 2nd amal war:

A

Dr. Alfred Stock, opinion based publication, claimed vapor from amalgam fillings can be significantly damaging to health conditions. Renouned his own claim in 1940

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12
Q

Most pop pos tooth restorative material in 2nd half of 1900’s and today

A

amalgam

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13
Q

Pos outcome of Stocks allegations that led to the 2nd amal war:

A

Scientists conducted studies that demonstrated safety of amal

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14
Q

Can mercury be released from filings?

A

no, it is chemically reacted and tied up in the body of the restoration

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15
Q

This man recommended use of 1:1 ratio of mercury to alloy:

A

Wilmer Ballou Eames (others were using 8:5 ratio)

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16
Q

Yr spherical amalgam alloy was introduced:

A

1962

17
Q

High copper amalgam was invented by who, when?

A

Innes and Yudelis, 1963, copper added to amalgam alloy

18
Q

Reasons for decline in use of amal:

A

esthetics, caries decline, conservation of tooth structure, mercury

19
Q

Who challenged the Scott study with their own research regarding Hg vapor?

A

Souder and Sweeney (check)

20
Q

Hoover study:

A

Urinary industrial mercury level, different bw pt w and wo dental amal in mouth, found no diff in urinary mercury level, amal restos do NOT contribute to body burden

21
Q

Frykolm:

A

Hg is excreted w/in a few days: multiple amal restos, radioactively labelled Hg, urinary analysis/time, levels rose and dropped back down to zero after 8 days (small, measurable amt of mercury vapor exposure, but is excreted quickly)

22
Q

TF? Hg vapor is released from amalgam when pts chew gum.

A

T, enough heat is created when masticating, then absorbed into blood, debate about actual amt released and whether this poses a risk to the pt., minute

23
Q

Cardinal rule of toxicology:

A

only the dose makes a poison

24
Q

Amal TLV:

A

Amal Threshold Limit Value, amt of Hg vapor that can safely be in air where a worker works for 40hr/wk

25
Q

Amal TLV for OSHA and WHO:

A

OSHA: 50ug/mm3, WHO: 25ug/mm3

26
Q

How would the highest dose possible a pt could receive from 10-12 amal restorations compare with the TLV levels

A

1/100th of the “current” (didn’t specify OSHA or WHO)

27
Q

Amal level in normal diet/ day:

A

10-20 ug

28
Q

Highest level suggested by research of Hg exposure to pt from amal restos:

A

10 ug/day, measures inside mouth and not environment so this number should be much lower

29
Q

How does the amt of Hg exposure a pt would experience to amal compare to that exposure from their every day diet?

A

1/10 - 1/20 of dietary levels

30
Q

For the most sensitive pt to demonstrate the most minor symptoms:

A

450 to 500 amalgams would have to be places

31
Q

How does Dental Amal and nickel alloys affect the circulating T-lympho levels/ wbc levels?

A

it doesn’t

32
Q

What type of toxin is Hg?

A

neurotoxin

33
Q

First time Amal was used in dentistry

A

1826 o.t.

34
Q

Why use silver amal?

A

Strong, inexpensive

35
Q

Detector of mercury content in air:

A

Selenium sulfide mercury detector, souder and sweeney testing release from fillings, acid solutions, no vapor, no dissolution of mercury

36
Q

Amount of mercury in human vs sheep, etc

A

12-20 times less

37
Q

Health organizations that support the continued use of amalgam:

A

FDI World Dental Federation, WHO, Alzheimer’s association, FDA, U.S. Health Service, Lupus Foundation, National MS Society,Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CDC, National Counsel Against Health Fraud, NIH/ NIDR Consensus Development Conference, USPHS, Consumer Reports, Swedish Medical Counsel

38
Q

Effect of unecessary amal removal:

A

Preparation enlarged, chance of pulpal trauma, cost, longevity

39
Q

How to determine bw composite and tooth structure for composite removal:

A

air dry, composite appears chaulky

Direct Restoration (23 decks)

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