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nutrition 310 > Hindu Food Culture > Flashcards

Hindu Food Culture Flashcards

1
Q

Sanatana Dharma /Hinduism

A

• Sanatana Dharma = (Sanskrit) “the eternal law”
• The oldest living religion (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism, Oct 18, 2011)
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/ataglance/glance.shtml, 07 October, 2016)
• Not founded by any prophet (http://www.dlshq.org/download/hinduismbk.pdf)
• A religion, a philosophy, and a way of life
• Simple, ascetic life & environment friendly
• Many converted to Buddhist, Sikh, Jain, Islam, Christian …

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2
Q

• Sanatana Dharma = (Sanskrit) “the eternal law”
• The oldest living religion (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism, Oct 18, 2011)
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/ataglance/glance.shtml, 07 October, 2016)
• Not founded by any prophet (http://www.dlshq.org/download/hinduismbk.pdf)
• A religion, a philosophy, and a way of life
• Simple, ascetic life & environment friendly
• Many converted to Buddhist, Sikh, Jain, Islam, Christian …

A

• a diverse religion, many faiths, various forms of
worship & kinds of rituals & customs, (not
universal)
• 330 Million gods & goddesses
• 100s of Sages, Saints, & Gurus
• Many followers, cults, sects, devotees
• Incarnation/Rebirth
• Hindu scriptures‐ Veda, Puran, Geeta, Ramayan,
Mahabharat

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3
Q

Origin of Hindus

A

• Indus (Sindhu) valley- now it is pakistan
Himalaya
‐‐ a repository of medicinal & food plants
‐‐ the Sindhu, the Ganges, the Bhramhaputra
‐‐ the birthplace of ancient Hindu culture and
civilization

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4
Q

Hindu Population in Canada

A 
Province Hindus
Ontario 217,555 British Columbia 31,500
Quebec 24,525
Alberta 15,965
Manitoba 3,835
Saskatchewan 1,585
Nova Scotia 1,235
New Brunswick 475
Newfoundland and Labrador 405
Northwest Territories 65
Prince Edward Island 30
Yukon 10
Nunavut 10
Canada 297,200
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5
Q

Hindu Population in Canada

A
  • Association for Canadian Studies
  • 372,500 (2006)
  • ~1.2% of the population of Canada. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada (October 18, 2011)
  • 75,300↑(2001‐2006)
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6
Q

Religious affiliation in Canada %

A

National Household Survey, 2011
• Christian‐ Two‐thirds of Canada’s population
• Muslim‐ 3.2
• Hindus‐ 1.5
• Sikhs‐ 1.4
• Buddhists‐ 1.1
• Jewish‐ 1
• No religious affiliation‐ nearly one‐quarter of the
population (https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs‐enm/2011/as‐sa/99‐010‐x/99‐010‐x2011001‐eng.cfm, accessed 07 October, 2016)

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7
Q

Hindu Trinity

A

The 3 supreme Hindu Gods:
• Brahma (The Creator)
• Vishnu (The Preserver)
• Mahesh (The Destroyer)

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8
Q

Worship (Puja)

A
  • idol/picture
  • lamp, incense, bell, conch
  • mantra (religious verses)
  • aarati (hymns)
  • bhog (food offering)
  • prasad (blessed food)‐‐ distributed
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9
Q

Water in Hinduism

A

• a purifier and a rejuvenating agent for
religious acts
• practice of bathing in sacred rivers during
pilgrimages, e.g., Kumbha Fair
• Rivers are god, bring water and food

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10
Q

The Ganges & The Chhath

A

Holy water from the River
Ganges‐‐ sprinkled onto
the food

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11
Q

sacred fig

A

gives off lots of water

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12
Q

dogs

A

gods

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13
Q

Bol Bom pilgrimage

A

No meat or fish in the month of Shravan (July‐August).
‐‐‐breeding season of fish
‐‐‐ample green grass for animals
Preserve the nature/environment

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14
Q

Hindu festivals:1

A
  • Maghe/ Tila Sankranti (Mid January)
  • Saraswati Puja (February)
  • Maha Shivaratri (February)
  • Holi (March)
  • Ramnawami (March)
  • Navabarsha/Joor Sital (14 April)
  • Nag Panchami (July/August)
  • Guru Purnima/Raksha Bandhan (July/August)
  • Krishna Janmasthami (August)
  • Teej (August/September)‐ by women only
  • Ganesh Chaturthi/Chaurchan (September)
  • Durga Puja (October) – Some fast for 9 days
  • Deepawali & Lakshmi Puja (November)
  • Chhath Parva (November)
  • Vivaha Panchami (December)
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15
Q

Body composition: Panchtatwa

A 
Body is made up of 5 natural elements:
earth, air, fire, water, sky
The proper balance = good health
imbalance = discomfort, disease
Ayurveda, Meditation & Y
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16
Q

Ahimsa(non‐violence)

A
  • Hinduism = a doctrine of ahimsa
  • respect all creatures, all life is sacred
  • live non‐violent lives, not harming animals
  • vegetarianism is advocated
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17
Q

Food hierarchy in a Hinduism Chigateri, S.(2008). ‘Glory to the Cow’: Cultural Difference and Social Justice in the Food Hierarchy

A 
• vegetarianism,
• meat‐eating (no beef)
• beef‐eating
23
Hinduism prohibits killing of any
female mamal for food
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18
Q

Caste system in Hinduism

A 
1. Brahmins ‐‐ priests, teacher,
maintain purity by avoiding foods touched by those
of lower castes
2. Ksatriya ‐‐ rulers, warriors
3. Vaisya ‐‐ farmers, merchants
4. Sudras ‐‐ servants, labourers
caste‐‐ inherited at birth depending on Karma
(deeds) of former life
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19
Q

Issues relating to food

A 
Hindu Dharmashastra and people: care
 “what one is permitted to eat,
 how one should prepare food,
 when and how much one should eat,
 from whom one can accept food, and
 with whom one can eat”
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20
Q

Food beliefs

A

Food is God
Annapurna = Goddess of food & nourishment
Sanskrit, Anna = food and grains
Purna = full/complete
• Food: a gift of god, treated with respect
• Food is for feeding body, mind & soul
• Food determines our physical well being &
mental makeup.
• ‘You are what you eat’.
• Avoid all foods thought to inhibit physical,
mental & spiritual development.
The Bhagavad Geeta ‐‐ eat only wholesome clean foods
that are fresh and simply prepared in moderate
portions.
• Food affects both body (chemistry) & mind
(emotions)
• A proper diet‐ vital for spiritual development

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21
Q

Food categories

A

Based on the food’s effect on the body and the
temperament, the Hindu diet code divides food into
3 categories:
1. Satwik
2. Rajasi
3. Tamasik

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22
Q

Satwik ‐ the most desirable type of food

A

pure food, non‐irritating to the stomach, e.g., fruits,
nuts, whole grains, vegetables
• increases longevity, health, strength, taste, happiness
• purify the mind, produce calmness & nobility

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23
Q

Rajasi ‐ believed to produce strong emotions

e.g., ambitious, temperamental, egoist etc

A

‐restlessness in the mind
• hot and spicy, salty, sour, bitter
‐ energetic or exciting
• meat, egg, fish, spices, onion, garlic, chilli

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24
Q

Tamsik ‐ believed to produce negative emotions

A

‐‐ anger, jealousy, greed
• impure/intoxicating food
‐‐ decomposed, stale, left over, indigestible

25
Q

Hot & cold foods Gatrad, A. R., Ray, M., & Sheikh, A. (2004). Hindu birth customs. Archives ofDisease in Childhood, 89, 1094‐1097.

A

Belief : Certain foods have a ‘‘cooling’’ or a ‘‘heating’’
effect on the functions of various organs of the body,
(e.g., mood, personality & physical well‐being)
Hot foods: High protein, acid & salty foods
e.g., lentils, millet, aubergines, grapes
produce passion, lust, virility and aggression
Cold foods: are often sweet, e.g., cereals, potatoes, milk,
calm, pacific and tranquil

26
Q

Hindu food practices

A

• Food as purifying body, mind & spirit
• Some cook by themselves to maintain purity
• Shoes not allowed in kitchens
• Change dress in white before cooking & eating
• Cleaning the place where the food will be eaten
Eating is meditation‐ do not talk while eating –
choking, obesity
• Sit on ground on “Aasan”, sprinkle water around the
food as offering to God, chant some mantras
• Offer some food to the fire God “Agni Dev”
• Food becomes Prasad (blessed food)

27
Q

Food culture: Special day‐ special food

A

Nava Varsha/Joor Shital: Baasi (cooked food in night), Vari
and Rice
• Tila/Makar Sankranti (14th January): Holy bath
– Khichadi (dish made from rice and lentils with ghee)
– Til laddoos (round balls of sesame seeds + jaggery)
– Puffed rice laddoos
– Rice flakes laddoos
– Yoghurt
• Planting rice saplings: Asadh 15 (June 29th) Dahi Chiura
• Janai Purnima: Kwanti (9 different beans)

28
Q

Food taboos

A

• Beef‐‐ forbidden
• Cow is considered Mother in Hinduism.
• Cow symbolises purity and non‐violence.
• Dairy products (milk, butter and yoghurt)‐‐
good for spiritual purity
• Many Hindus reject onion, garlic, mushroom, some
bulbs and tuber, spicy foods, eggs
• Some avoid tea/coffee & alcohol, cigarette
• Some also refrain from pork. Pig is considered
unclean.

29
Q

Hindu Food and Vegetarianism

A

• Eating animal food by killing them‐‐ block mental &
spiritual growth
• Killing animals for food is a bad karma‐‐harmful
consequences
Hinduism emphasizes‐‐ vegetarianism

30
Q

Vegetarianism

A

• Vegetarianism = protection of health & environment
• meat production  release of greenhouse gases 
climate change (UNEP)
(http://www.unep.org/pdf/unep‐geas_oct_2012.pdf)
• Processed meats do cause cancer – WHO
(http://www.bbc.com/news/health‐34615621, October 26, 2015)
• fruits, veggies could help ward off depression

31
Q

Food rituals

A

Hindu life‐cycle rite is celebrated with a feast
• Chhathi: 6th day after birth (mother may fast)
• Annaprasan: 6 months weaning, first solid food
• Upanayan: boys wear the sacred thread‐ No salt for 4
days
• Marriage: No salt for 4 days
• Funeral rites: No salt for 13 days
– on specific days (Shraddha), food is offered to departed
souls. Food links the dead with the living. Funeral priests eat on behalf of the deceased.
• Widow/Wid

32
Q

Food as a means to socialize & Charity

A

• Begging of food (scholarship) by students
at Gurukul
• “Have you eaten”? vs “How are you”?
• Distributing food to the poor and the needy, &
feeding animals – good Karma.
• Temple e.g., Tirupati distribute food for free

33
Q

Fasting/Abstinence

A

No food or diet restriction:
on different occasions/on specific days e.g., Ekadhshi
(the 11th day of each half of lunar month) or
Poornima (Full moon), or at eclipses‐‐ holiday
Vrata (religious vows):Tuesdays, or birthdays of
deities, to make wish fulfilled or when fulfilled

34
Q

Fasting/Abstinence

A

Fasting:
• a way of staying close to God
• control over one’s senses & material desires
• mind at peace
Fasting ways: not eating at all during the fasting period
or to eat only once or eat only fruits or a special
diet/eating only “no salt” food

35
Q

Budha

A

Buddha : 2500 years ago in India
 Prince Sidhartha – gave up luxurious life and pending emperorship
 Fasting and experiencing suffering
 After passing two extremes, choice of middle path, moderation,
meditation and enlightenment

36
Q

Background

A

Buddhism is a philosophy more than a religion
- anthropo-centric
 Based on the concepts of compassion to all living beings
 Believes that very action creates a reaction
- Good gives good and bad gives bad;
 Buddhist means a follower of Buddha
 3 types of followers; monks, devotees, and common
people
 Monks - no family life, only spiritual existence
 Devotees – accustomed a devoted life with a family and
social entrepreneur
 Common people – those who do good to them and
others (may even belongs to a different faith)whatever you do
comes back to you

37
Q

 Buddhism has divided to two main themes / branches:

A

‘Theravada’ and ‘Mahayana’
 Theravada – self centered, inward or intrinsic
 Mahayana – socialistic, outward or extrinsic
Countries in Asia: Sri Lanka, India, Burma,
Vietnam, Laos, Japan, China, and Korea
 Modern Buddhism (in western countries) combines
both themes, and contain compassion, kindness,
mindfulness, meditation, physical-activeness, donation
and renunciation

38
Q

Scripture / documentation

A

 All living beings subsist / depend on food - ‘Sabbe saththa
aharattitika’
 One forth of your income should / may spend on your meals -
‘Eakena bhoge bunjeyiya’
 Feed a starved before preaching him – ‘Yaawa desathi
daddathi aamisa’
1. ‘Aayu’ – life, longevity and survival
2. ‘Warna’ – growth, beauty and complexion
3. ‘Sepa’ – comfort and happiness
4. ‘Bala’ – energy, strength and power
5. ‘Pagnna’ – cognition, intelligence and wisdom

39
Q

aaya

A

life longevity and survival

40
Q

warna

A

growth, beauty and complexion

41
Q

sepa

A
  1. ‘Sepa’ – comfort and happiness
42
Q

bala

A
  1. ‘Bala’ – energy, strength and power
43
Q

‘Pagnna’

A
  1. ‘Pagnna’ – cognition, intelligence and wisdom
44
Q

eating practices

A

Mal consumption of meals / food makes you sick
- ‘Wishama pariharaja aabhadha’
 Heavy meals makes you lazy - ‘Mahawarago wa
niwapaputtho’
 Practice middle path (moderation) – ‘Maddyama
prathipadha’ (eg. King Kosol’s story)
Scripture / documentation
Buddha,
Buddhist monk’s eating practices
 Moderation in consumption
 Only two meals per day (breakfast and lunch)
Scripture / documentation
Morning / day  Night
Food (eating)&raquo_space;»»>
 No supper or dinner - monks
 Mindful eating – look, think, share or give away a little
(to an animal), and consume without craving (glutton

45
Q

food practices

seeking alms/begging

A 
Walking along door to
door to receive food
(alms round or giving –
‘daana’) in Thailand
 Offering food (alms giving)
by people, Thailand
46
Q

Buddhism and vegetarianism

A
  1. Lactovegetarian- 50%
  2. Ovovegetarian (and 1)
  3. Fish vegetarian ( with 1 and 2)
  4. Poultry vegetarian (with I, 2 and / or 3)
  5. Nonvegitarian (without beef or with beef)
    (No strict rule and based on availability, source and intension)
47
Q

what is an exmaple of staples foods

A 
Rice
Barley
Oats
Wheat
Maize
Rye
Lentils
Beans
Peas
Gram
Geographical influence
Stable food: Rice, grains or pulses:
Linked to sustainable farming
48
Q

Food: Animal origin

A

Milk products (and Lactovegetarianism) : neat cattle or water buffalo
Dairy products – ‘ pas-go-rasa’ (five-dairy-growth promoting food)
1. Milk
2. Curd / yoghurt
3. whey
4. Ghee
5. butter

49
Q

Food: Meat, fish and egg

A

• Killing animals for consumption - not promoted
 Venison (dear), wild pork (boar), mutton (goat meat)
supplied by local hunters, farmers or imports; beef is not
promoted
• Fish by local fishermen
• Eggs were not popular
• No cannibalism and no eating meat from elephant,
horse, tiger, lion and dog

50
Q

mango,cachew

A

veg or fruit

51
Q

dessert

A 
Coconut and jaggery
pudding
Curd, coconut-honey and
milk tea
Dodol (coconut-milk
jelly)
Main items are fruits and
fruit-salads with papaya,
pineapple, avocado and
mango
52
Q

lunch

A

Rice and curry dishes; vegetables, pulses, fish and

meat - lunch

53
Q

Beverages (drinks)

A 
Tea
Other herbal tea
Ranawara, coriander etc
Juices: bael fruit,
wood-apple,
mango
Toddy: fermented
palm (coconut)
flower sap) -
alcoholic
54
Q

cooking medium

A

Milk - coconut or cow

Oil – coconut, palm, sesame, veg

55
Q

Traditional serving and wrapping

A

Wrapped by banana
leaves or kept in
baskets

56
Q

turmeric

A

Turmeric mix water
for cleaning hands,
legs and utensils
(sanitizer)

57
Q

neen

A

Neem (kohomba) tree
and shyama sticks for
brushing teeth
(sanitizers)

58
Q

betel leaves

A

Betel leaves; symbol of respect,

forgiveness and welcome

59
Q

summary of buhist

A

 Have a mindful life very close to the nature and
biology
 Consume variety food and drinks available from
the environment
 Concern the both physical and mental health which
includes cleanliness and free of toxins
 Traditions and rituals connect with south and east
Asia

nutrition 310 (13 decks)

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