Feinstein

Question 1

What does phosphorus and sulfur do in a cell?

Answer 1

they are good carriers of energy (ATP), important for protein structure, and sulfur engages in oxidation reactions

Question 2

What do Na+, Ca++, and Mg++ do in a cell?

Answer 2

they keep osmotic balance, help with membrane function, and signal translation (esp. Ca++)

Question 3

What are the most important functional groups and what are their class of compounds?

Answer 3

Hydroxyl (-OH) = alcohols 
Carboxyl (-COOH) = carboxylic acids
Amino (-NH2) = animes 
Phosphate (-OPO3 2-) = organic phosphates 
Sulfhydryl (-SH) = thiols

Question 4

Hydrophobic

Answer 4

nonpolar molecules that are more attracted to each other than water

Question 5

hydrophylic

Answer 5

polar molecules that are attracted to water molecules

Question 6

ionic bonds

Answer 6

form when opposite charges attract, which can help fold macromolecules and maintain their structures

Question 7

in protein folding, covalent bonds form

Answer 7

the basic structure of a large molecule

Question 8

in protein folding, weak forces determine the

Answer 8

folding pattern and produces the most stable 3D arrangement

Question 9

When a protein is folded, the inside is ______ while the outside is ______

Answer 9

hydrophobic, hydrophilic

Question 10

generally, a ______ is needed to break covalent bonds so the molecule can ________

Answer 10

catalyst (usually an enzyme), react with other molecules

Question 11

an enzyme that breaks the covalent bonds in a molecule are usually

Answer 11

proteins, but sometimes RNA molecules

Question 12

Do weak forces need enzymes to break them down?

Answer 12

No

Question 13

Name the monomer for each polymer:

1. Polypeptide/protein
2. Polysaccharide/carbohydrate
3. nucleotides
4. lipids

Answer 13

1. monomers/amino acids
2. monosaccharides (sugar)
3. nucleic acids
4. fatty acids

Question 14

how are macromolecules made?

Answer 14

Condensation reactions

Question 15

What is ATP composed of?

Answer 15

adenosine (adenine + ribose) + 3 phosphates

Question 16

What’s ATP’s role in condensation reactions?

Answer 16

ATP is broken down into ADP + Pi, which releases a large amount of energy, which is used to form covalent bonds in the condensation rxn

Question 17

List the steps of a condensation reaction

Answer 17

using energy from ATP, -OH and H- group from two monomers form water and the two monomers form a covalent bond. Becomes a chain

Question 18

what is hydrolysis and does it require energy?

Answer 18

Hydrolysis is a condensation reaction backwards. Water is added, and covalent bonds are broken. It does not require energy

Question 19

What is the smallest macromolecule?

Answer 19

Lipids

Question 20

What are lipids used for?

Answer 20

Cell membranes, energy storage material

Question 21

What are the basic components of lipids?

Answer 21

Fatty acids - long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at the end
Glycerol - simple 3 carbon sugar with 3 hydroxyl groups

Question 22

How do fatty acids differ?

Answer 22

The length of the hydrocarbon chain (aliphatic)

Saturated (full of hydrogens, flexible) or unsaturated (has double/triple bonds, inflexible, can form kinks)

Question 23

How are triglycerides formed?

Answer 23

glycerol + 3 fatty acids + 3 ATP = triglyceride + 3 ADP + Pi

Question 24

What is the basic structure of the cell membrane and what is its function?

Answer 24

Phospholipid Bilayer (heads out, tails in)
Provides barrier/structure for the cell and regulates what goes in and what goes out

Question 25

What do transmembrane proteins do?

Answer 25

Transports molecules of interest through the lipid bilayer of the cell (aka carrier protein)