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Biology A-Level > Cells (Chapter 1) > Flashcards

Cells (Chapter 1) Flashcards

1
Q

List the features to label an animal cell

A 
Cell surface membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosome 
Cell junctions 
Golgi body 
Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum 
Nucleus, nuclear envelope and nucleolus 
Centrioles
Lysosomes 
Cilia and flagella (some animal cells) 
Cytoskeleton
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2
Q

List the features to label an plant cell

A 
Chloroplasts 
Plasmodesmata 
Cytoskeleton 
Cell wall 
Nucleus, nuclear envelope and nucleolus 
Large permanent vacuole and tonoplast
Smooth and rough ER 
Mitochondria 
Ribosomes 
Lysosomes 
Cell surface membrane 
Golgi body
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3
Q

Golgi…?

A

Body, complex or apparatus

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4
Q

What ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm of cells?

A

80s ribosomes

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5
Q

What ribosomes are found in mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

70s ribosomes

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6
Q

What is special about mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

They contain their own small circular DNA

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7
Q

Where are 80s ribosomes found?

A

In the cytoplasm and on the rough ER

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8
Q

What are ribosomes?

A
  • They are the site of protein synthesis
  • They are very small - only about 25nm in diameter
  • They are made of RNA and protein
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9
Q

Where is the cell surface membrane?

A

In between the cell wall and the cytoplasm

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10
Q

What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

A

It encloses the cell contents, is partially permeable and controls exchange between the cell and its environment

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11
Q

What is is the function of the cell junctions?

A

It can fasten cells together allowing communication channels to form between two cell membranes (gap) or act as a barrier so that materials cannot pass between two interacting cells (tight)

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12
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

To carry out aerobic respiration, forming ATP

Synthesis of lipids

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13
Q

Where is the Golgi body found?

A

In the cytoplasm, close to the smooth ER

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14
Q

What is the function of the Golgi body?

A
  • It collects, processes and sorts molecules (esp proteins from the rough ER) ready for transport in Golgi vesicles to other parts of the cell or out of the cell (secretion)
  • Golgi vesicles are also used to make lysosomes
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15
Q

Where are the cilia/flagella found?

A

They are anchored on the outside of the cell membrane

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16
Q

What is the function of the cilia/flagella?

A

Allows movement of the cell
Increases the surface area of the membrane
Cell components can move along the outside surfaces

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17
Q

What is the location of the smooth and rough ER?

A

Penetrates the whole cytoplasm

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18
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A
  • Makes lipids and steroids e.g. cholesterol and the reproductive hormones oestrogen and testosterone
  • Site of carbohydrate metabolism
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19
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A
  • It is covered in 80s ribosomes which are the site of protein synthesis
  • Proteins made by the ribosomes on the rough ER enter the sacs (the ER) and move through them - the proteins are modified in some way
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20
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A
  • It carries the genetic code
  • Stores the cell’s DNA in chromosomes
  • Controls the cell’s activity as it contains genes
  • Makes ribosomes
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21
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A
  • Contains hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes which are responsible for the breakdown of unwanted structures e.g. old organelles or even whole cells
  • In WBCs, lysosomes are used to digest bacteria
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22
Q

Where are centrioles found?

A

In the cytoplasm next to the nucleus

23
Q

What is the function of the centrioles?

A

Not 100% known but the best guess is that they are involved in mitosis and meiosis by controlling the movement of the spindle fibres

24
Q

What do chloroplasts contain?

A

1) 70s ribosomes,
2) Small circular DNA
3) Fluid filled sacs called thylakoids and flat, disc-like structures called grana (which contain chlorophyll)
4) Starch grains and lipids in the stroma

25
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

They carry out photosynthesis

26
Q

Where are the plasmodesmata found?

A

Through the cell wall

27
Q

What is the function of plasmodesmata?

A

Allows the transport of material and communication between cells

28
Q

Where is the cell wall found?

A

It surrounds the cell and sits on top of the cell surface membrane

29
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

It is made of cellulose

Keeps the cell rigid, provides strength and supports against changes in turgor pressure

30
Q

What is the function of the large permanent vacuole?

A
  • Helps to regulate the osmotic properties of cells
  • It fills with water so increases turgor pressure which supports the cell and its shape
  • Can act as a store for water and ions
31
Q

What is the tonoplast and what is its function?

A
  • It is the membrane around the large permanent vacuole

- It controls exchange between the vacuole and the cytoplasm

32
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

A

It has many small pores called nuclear pores

These allow and control exchange of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm e.g. ribosomes

33
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Makes ribosomes using the information in its own DNA to to make the rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

34
Q

What are microtubules and what is their structure?

A
  • They are long, rigid, hollow tubes which make up the cytoskeleton which provides structural support to maintain the cells shape
  • Some organelles and cell components can be moved along the outside surfaces of the microtubules, forming an intracellular transport system
  • Membrane-bound organelles are held in place by the cytoskeleton
  • Microtubules also form part of the structure of the centrioles
35
Q

What is a centriole?

A

A hollow cylinder formed from a ring of short microtubules

36
Q

Where is ATP produced?

A

In the mitochondria and chloroplasts

37
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate - a phosphorylated nucleotide and a universal energy carrier which transfers chemical energy within the cell for use in metabolic processes that require energy

38
Q

What are some ways that ATP is used by cells?

A

Actively transporting molecules and substances across the cell membrane e.g. in phagocytosis
Mitosis - energy from ATP hydrolysis is used for the formation of mitotic spindle and chromosome separation
Hydrolysis of ATP provides energy for motile cells to achieve movement via a tail-like structure called a flagellum
Maintaining body temperature - e.g. shivering and sweating require energy

39
Q

What are the structural features of a prokaryote that are different from a eukaryote?

A
  • Unicellular
  • 1-5μm diameter
  • Peptidoglycan cell walls
  • Lack of organelles surrounded by a double membrane
  • Naked circular DNA
  • Free 70s ribosomes
  • No ER present
  • Cell wall always present
40
Q

What are common features of a eukaryote and prokaryote?

A

Cytoplasm
Cell surface membrane
Contain DNA
Contain ribosomes

41
Q

What are the key structural features of a typical eukaryote?

A
  • DNA is not circular and is enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus - it is associated with protein, forming chromosomes
  • 80s ribosomes in cytoplasm and on rough ER, 70s ribosomes in mitochondria or chloroplasts
  • They have membrane bound organelles e.g. ER, mitochondria, Golgi body
  • ER present
  • Cell wall sometimes present
  • Commonly up to 40μm diameter
42
Q

What are viruses?

A

Non-cellular obligate intracellular parasites, requiring a living host to reproduce

43
Q

What are the key features of a virus?

A

Contains genetic material (DNA or RNA)

Encased in a protein coat (capsid) made up of separate protein molecules called capsomeres

44
Q

Why are you the best thing that’s ever happened to me?

A

Phospho-lipid bilayer

45
Q

What is the function of the Golgi body in plants?

A

Enzymes in the Golgi body convert sugars into cell wall components

46
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Spherical sacs, surrounded by a single membrane and having no internal structure

47
Q

Describe the structure of mitochondria

A
  • They are surrounded by two membranes: the inner of these is folded to form finger-like cristae which project into the interior solution (matrix)
  • The space between the two membranes is called the intermembrane space
  • Outer membrane contains a transport protein called porin
48
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Finger-like extensions of the CSM which greatly increase the surface area of it

49
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

Centrioles found at the bases of cilia and flagella act at microtubule organising centres (MTOCs)

50
Q

What is the function of the centrosome?

A

They act as MTOCs during nuclear division

51
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A
  • It gives the cell its definite shape and prevents the cell from bursting when water enters by osmosis, allowing large pressures to develop inside the cell
  • Cell walls are freely permeable
52
Q

What are cell walls made of?

A

Cellulose and lignin

53
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

Fine strands of cytoplasm that link plant cells to neighbouring cells by passing through pore-like structures in the cell walls

54
Q

What features are sometimes present in prokaryotic cells?

A
  • Flagella
  • Capsule (slime layer)
  • Plasmid
  • Pili

Biology A-Level (44 decks)

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