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Bakken Comp Anat > Lecture 09 > Flashcards

Lecture 09 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two subdivisions in the vertebrate skeletal system?

A

Axial and Appendicular

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2
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the Axial Skeleton?

A

Chondrocranium
Visceralcranium
Vertebral Column

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3
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the appendicular skeleton?

A 
Limb girdles (pectoral and pubic)
Limbs (forlimbs and hindlimbs including fins)
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4
Q

What is the chondrocranium?

A

Braincase and capsules for organs of special sense

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5
Q

What is the Viscerocranium?

A

Gill arches and jaws

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6
Q

The Shark Vertebra has many parts. What is the Intercalary plate?

A

Fill in the gaps between adjacent neural arches and protect the spinal chord

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7
Q

What is described as amphicelous?

A

The cranial surface of the shark centrum is concave. In sharks, both ends of each centra are concave. This is referred to as amphicelous

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8
Q

Shark vertebra also have a hollow canal running through

A

… the center of the centrum.

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9
Q

Consider the Fish vertebral column. Describe the centrum:

A

♣ The centrum is typically a cylindrical structure that is connected to similar cylindrical centra both cranially and caudally.
♣ This chain of centra replaces the notochord of the protochordates, such as amphioxus, as the principal axial support structure.
♣ This chain of centra is flexible, but may not be as flexible as a notochord.
♣ A flexible chain of centra would be useful for swimming, but would not be as useful for supporting a terrestrial life-style.
♣ In many vertebrates (including humans) parts of the notochord may persist within and/or between adjacent vertebrae.

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10
Q

Consider the Fish Vertebra. What is the neural arch?

A

♣ Sits on top of the centrum (dorsal surface) and provides a protective passageway for the spinal cord.

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11
Q

The neural spin (in fish) projects from the dorsum of the neural arch. What is the significance of this?

A
  • Provides lever arm for muscle attachment.

* In Latimeria the neural spines are hollow and filled with cartilage – “coelacanth” means hollow spine.

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12
Q

Coelacanth means…

A

hollow spine

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13
Q

Where could you find the hemal arch on a fish?

A

ventral surface of each centrum of each of the caudal vertebrae.

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14
Q

What passes thorugh the hemal arch?

A

caudal artery and vein

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15
Q

Precaudal Vertebrae on a fish:

A

o Precaudal vertebrae:

♣ Include all the more cranial vertebrae that lack a hemal arch

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16
Q

Caudal vertebrae on a fish:

A

♣ Include all the vertebrae caudal to the precaudal vertebrae
♣ Possess hemal arches

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17
Q

Describe the centra of the fish vertebrae:

A

They tend to be more ossified

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18
Q

What tops the neural arch?

A

slender neural spine

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19
Q

Sturgeon still have remaining prominent notochord instead of

A

the ossified centra

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20
Q

Are the pelvic and pectoral girdles tied into the fish vertebral column?

A

no

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21
Q

Early tetrapod centrum developed from two parts:

A

Intercentrum

Pleurocentrum

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22
Q

What contributed to the formation of the centrum in early tetrapods?

A

Intercentrum

Pleurocentrum

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23
Q

In tetrapods, what becomes the main axial support (replaced the notochord?)

A

The vertebral column

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24
Q

Precaudal vertebrae are specialized for…

A

terrestriality

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25
Q

Cervical vertebrae…

A

articulate with skull

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26
Q

Trunk Vertebrae:

A

have processes for rib attachment

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27
Q

Sacral Vertebrae

A

Articulate with pelvic girdle

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28
Q

What ties the pelvic girdle to the vertebral column?

A

ilia

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29
Q

For crossopterygians, each centrum consisted of:

A

• Single, larger intercentrum:
o “U”-shaped and cranial
• Paired, smaller pleurocentra:
o Caudal and dorsal to intercentrum

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30
Q

For stereospondylous labridonts, the centrum is

A

entirely derived from the intercentrum

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31
Q

For embolomerous larbridonts:

A

the intercentrum and pleurocentrum are EQUAL IN SIZE

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32
Q

What is the myosepta?

A

• The vertebrate body plan is tied together by sheets of connective tissue referred to as myosepta.

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33
Q

What do the myosepta tie into?

A

the vertebral column

34
Q

Describe the myosepta, what do they do?

A

They form compartments in which are enclosed the masses of skeletal muscle

35
Q

List the components of a typical amniote vertebra:

A 
Similar to the necturus vertebrae.  They consists of:
Centrum
Neural and hemal arches (with spines)
Transverse processes
Zygapophyses
36
Q

Describe a procoelous centrum:

A

only cranial end is concave (most reptiles)

37
Q

describe a opisthocoelous centrum:

A

only caudal end is concave

38
Q

describe an acoelous centrum

A

both ends are flat

39
Q

most mammals have what type of centrum?

A

acoelous

40
Q

In the tails of reptiles and some mammals small pieces of bone may be found between the ventral edges of centra. These features are called:

A

interentra or hypocentra

41
Q

What forms the chevron bones?

A

The small pieces of bones in-between the ventral edges of the centra (in the tails of reptiles)

42
Q

For primitive reptiles, the bulk of the centrum is formed from what?

A

pleurocentrum

43
Q

In modern reptiles and mammals the intercentrum has…

A

disappeared and centrum is formed entirely from pleurocentrum

44
Q

The sphenodon has what that still persists?

A

intercentrum

45
Q

What are diapophyses for?

A

rib attachment

46
Q

What are the parts of the neural arch?

A

Dorsal plates: Laminae
Lateral plates: Pediceles
Posterior edge: Pedicele

47
Q

What feature allows for the passage of spinal nerves?

A

Holes formed between the posterior edge of each pedicele ( it is notched)

48
Q

What does the myotome form?

A

axial muscles

49
Q

What does the sclerotome form?

A

parts of vertebrae

50
Q

Reptiles vs. Birds: Describe the Cervical vertebrae:

A

Reptiles: Cervical vertibrae: have Atlas and Axis. And 8 bones in most reptiles, 9 in alligator

Birds, have transverse foramina, heterocoelous and 8-25 bones

51
Q

The atlas-axis complex first appears in….

A

reptiles

52
Q

For the reptiles, the trunk usually contains

A

the ribs

53
Q

How many sacral vertebrae in a reptile?

A

2+

54
Q

Describe the caudal vertebrae of a reptile:

A

variable with hemal arches

55
Q

What are the two parts that are extensively fused in groups of vertebrae, but not birds?

A

anterior throacic and synsacrum

56
Q

Where is a bird’s wing brace?

A

anterior thoracic

57
Q

What composes the synsacrum of a bird?

A

posterior thoracic, lumbar, 2+ sacral and proximal caudal vertebrae

58
Q

What is pygostyle?

A

fused caudal vertebrae in birds

59
Q

All mammals have how many cervical vertebrae?

A

seven.

The sloth has 6-9 and sirens have 6

60
Q

Describe and compare types of ribs in Tetrapods

A

Tetrapods:
o Arise in skeletogenous septa
o Dorsal ribs:
♣ Formed at intersections between myosepta and horizontal septum.

61
Q

Describe the ribs in amphibians

A

reduced

62
Q

Describe the ribs in Reptiles:

A

Double-headed (bicipital):
♣ Capitulum to centrum
♣ Tubercle to transverse process

8 pairs in turtle fused to carapace

63
Q

Describe the ribs in Birds (Bucket of backs)

A

Uncinate processes of one rib overlap the next caudal rib to stabilize rib cage for flight

64
Q

Describe mammals cervical ribs:

A

♣ Short and fused to vertebrae.

♣ Transverse foramina for vertebral arteries.

65
Q

Describe mammals thoracic ribs:

A

♣ Double-headed
♣ True ribs articulate with sternum via costal cartilages.
♣ Floating ribs do not articulate with sternum.

66
Q

Joint

A

an area where two bones meet

67
Q

articulation:

A

where a movable joint is formed

68
Q

Amphiarthrosis:

A

Synchondrosis type: slightly moveable
Cartilage

Example: epiphyseal plate

Symphysis type:
Fibrocartilage
Ex: Pubic symphysis

69
Q

Synarthrosis:

A

slightly moveable joint, fibrous connective tissue

Ex: Joints between bones of skull cap

70
Q

Gomphosis:

A

tooth tocket

71
Q

Syndesmosis example:

A

Interosseous membrane

72
Q

Diarthrosis

A

moveable

Cartilage:

73
Q

What makes up a diarthrotic joint?

A 
articular cartilage
Fibrous capsule (INNERVATED)
Synovial membrane (VASCULARIZED)
Synovial cavity
74
Q

The fibrous capsule is…..

A

innervated

75
Q

the Synovial membrane is

A

vascularized

76
Q

Which part of the diarthrotic joint is vascularized?

A

the synovial membrane

77
Q

What part of diarthrotic joint is innervated?

A

fibrous capbsule

78
Q

Uniaxial:

A

movement in one plane, around one axis.

Ex: Hinge joints and pivot joints

79
Q

Triaxial:

A

movement in three planes around three exes:

Glenohumeral and acetabulofemoral

80
Q

Biaxial:

A

movement in two planes around two axes

81
Q

Give an example of a biaxial joint:

A

ellipsoid join (metacarpalphalangeal)

82
Q

Example of a nonaxial (sliding joint)

A

no axis of rotation: joints between the carpals and tarsals

Bakken Comp Anat (6 decks)

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