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Neuroscience 2016 > Test 2 Review Powerpoint > Flashcards

Test 2 Review Powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

Reflection

A

important because most of what we see is light that has been reflected off objects in the environment

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2
Q

Absorption

A

this is the mechanism by which photoreceptors obtain energy from light to change membrane potential

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3
Q

Refraction

A

*****light is bent as it passes through different media other than air. E.g., water or glasses

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4
Q

which colors visible light have which freq

A

cooler colors=high freq

warmer colors=low freq

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5
Q

pupil

A

opening where light enters eye

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6
Q

sclera

A

white of eye

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7
Q

iris

A

smooth muscle; gives color to eye

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8
Q

optic nerve

A

bundle of axons from the retina; turns into optic tract after chiasm

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9
Q

cataracts

A

clouding of the lens

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10
Q

fixing myopia

A

short sighted: concave lens

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11
Q

fixing hyperopia

A

far sighted: convex lens

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12
Q

ciliary muscle

A

when contracted, strains eyes, lens becomes rounder and thicker to see things up close, zonule fibers loosen
accommodation: refractive power bringing rays into focus on retina by changing shape of lens

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13
Q

conjunctiva

A

membrane that folds back from inside of eyelids and attaches to sclera

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14
Q

macula

A

central vision, part of the retina, high quality of central vision because there are no blood vessels

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15
Q

fovea

A
  1. decrease in number of rods, increase in number of cones
  2. decrease in convergence of photoreceptors to ganglion (one to one ratio around) so increased acuity
  3. displacement of cells above photoreceptors (pit in retina)
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16
Q

aqueous humor

A

watery fluid that nourishes cornea; between cornea and lens

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17
Q

vitreous humor

A

more viscous jelly-like fluid, in between lens and retina, keeps eyeball spherical

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18
Q

visual acuity

A

the ability of the eye to distinguish between two points near each other

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19
Q

scotopic conditions

A

nighttime lighting

rods

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20
Q

photopic conditions

A

daytime lighting
cones
therefore much greater spacial sensitivity on central retina

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21
Q

mesopic conditions

A

intermediate light levels (indoor lighting, outdoor traffic lighting at night)
both rods and cones

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22
Q

rods or cones in the fovea?

A

most cones in fovea; no rods in fovea

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23
Q

fat vs round lens

A

fat lens lets you see things up close

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24
Q

pathway to retina

A

ganglion cells (outermost in eye), bipolar cells, photoreceptors

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25
Q

amacrine cells

A

modify relationship between ganglion and bipolar

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26
Q

horizontal cell

A

mediate relationship between bipolar and photoreceptors

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27
Q

rods

A

highest concentration: periphery
function at what level of light?: low
number of photopigments? 1
more sensitive to light

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28
Q

cones

A

highest concentration: fovea
function at what level of light?: high
number of photopigments?: 3
more sensitive to almost anything besides light: color perception, etc

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29
Q

in the dark, photoreceptors are…

A

depolarized due to a steady influx of Na+, which causes glutamate release

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30
Q

cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate)

A

cGMP is second messenger that keeps NA+ channels open
When struck by light, rhodopsin has second messenger cascade that inactivates cGMP, so Na+ channels close, neuron hyperpolarizes, glutamate release stops

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31
Q

phototransduction

A

light activates retina, opsin changes shape, second messenger deactivates cGMP, Na+ channels close, neuron hyperpolarizes, glutamate release ceases

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32
Q

Receptive fields

A

The area of the retina that, when stimulated with light, changes the cell’s membrane potential (bipolar, ganglion cells)
The area of the visual field that modulates a neuron’s activity when it contains the appropriate stimulus (striate cortex)

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33
Q

on/off cells

A

the stimulus that will maximally activate center
on=light
off=dark

34
Q

types of ganglion cells

A

m type, p-type, non m non p

35
Q

m type ganglion cell

A 
around 5% of ganglion cells
larger receptor field
transient response
more sensitive to low contrast stimuli
specialized for movement
36
Q

p type

A

around 90% of ganglion cells
smaller receptive field
sensitive to diff in wavelength (color)
specialized for edge detection

37
Q

LGN

A

in thalamus
layers of each eye (1-6)
segregated info into cortex
not binocular

38
Q

v1

A

except for layer 4, binocular neurons
perpendicular orientation=orientation
different orientation=go tangentially (aka going across like vertical stripes, parallel) in a cortical module

39
Q

layer iv

A

input from lgn

occular dominance columns

40
Q

superficial layers (II-III)

A 
cytochrome oxidase blobs (object color) (used to label spots on brain)
cortical outputs (V2, MT)
41
Q

Deep layers (V and VI)

A

Subcortical outputs (LGN, Superior Colliculus)

42
Q

orientation selectivity

A

respond maximally to a particular orientation
center surround (simple cells)
no center surround (complex)
object shape

43
Q

direction selectivity

A

respond maximally to a stimulus moving in a particular direction
object motion

44
Q

blob receptive fields

A

respond maximally to particular wavelengths but not orientation or direction
object color

45
Q

path to striate cortex (v1): magnocellular pathway (motion)

A

retina: m type ganglion cells
lgn: magnocellular
v1: layer IVC & layer IVB or Blob
cortex

46
Q

path to striate cortex (v1): blob pathway (color)

A

retina: nonM-non- ganglion cells
LGB: koniocellular
v1:Blob
cortex

47
Q

parvo-interblob pathway (shape)

A

retina: p type ganglion cells
LGN: parvocellular
V1: Layer IVC & interblob or blob
cortex

48
Q

parallel processing in v1

A 
magnocellular pathway (motion)
blob pathway (color)
parvo-interblob pathway (shape)
49
Q

ventral stream

A

object and visual identification/recognition

50
Q

dorsal stream

A

object’s spacial location relative to viewer

51
Q

Visual shape, color areas

A

V1, V2, V3

52
Q

Visual perception, memory

A

V4, IT

53
Q

Visual motion

A

MT, MST

54
Q

pinna

A

part of ear used for sound localization in vertical plane using interaural differences
collects sound waves into ear canal in vertical plane
tympanic membrane separates outer ear from inner ear

55
Q

ossicles

A

middle ear

bones to amplify force on oval window (sound force amplification)

56
Q

pathway audition

A

sound waves move tympanic membrane&raquo_space;
tympanic membrane moves ossicles>
ossicles move membrane at oval window»
motion at oval window moves fluid in cochlea»
movement of fluid in cochlea causes response in sensory neurons

57
Q

oval window

A

hole in bone of skull which takes input from tympanic membrane and sends to cochlea

58
Q

cochlea

A

transforms physical motion of oval window vibrating into neural response

59
Q

basilar membrane

A

stiff by base, flatter and floppier out (flipper)
base=high req
apex=low frequency
establishes place code (where on membrane establishes a location)

60
Q

hair cells

A

form synapse on spiral ganglion cells

inner and outer ear

61
Q

inner hair cells

A

more highly innervated

majority info leaving cochlea

62
Q

outer hair cells

A

amplify movement of basilar membrane
cochlear amplifier
can shorten/lengthen hair cells with motor proteins
antibiotics like kanamycin can damage

63
Q

sound transduction how

A

movement of basilar membrane and tectorial causes stereocilia hairs to bend
bending one direction=depolarization, bending in other direction=hyperpolarization
bending causes K+ channels open, k+ influx&raquo_space; Ca++, release NT, depolarizes
other direction no NT, hyperpolarizes

64
Q

auditory pathway

A 
inner hair cells
spiral ganglion neurons
cochlear nucleus
superior olive
inferior colliculus
MGN (thalamus)
A1 cortex
after superior olive=bilateral input
65
Q

high intensity sounds

A

louder
produce a greater firing rate because more auditory
more auditory neurons are activated because the basilar membrane will move more in response to louder sounds
neurons are activated

66
Q

place code

A

high frequencies
tonotopic organization helps use location to figure out frequency
high freq doesnt travel as far on basilar membrane so this is easier

67
Q

phase locking

A

low frequencies
consistent firing of neuron in same place
phase locked in every cycle, or every other, or other thrid etc

68
Q

horizontal localization

A

interaural time diff
interaural intensity diff
uses info from both ears
thus superior olive and up

69
Q

vertical localization

A

curves of pinna
info from one ear
bumps and ridges in ear produce reflections of entering sound, causing delays as sound moves away vertically

70
Q

interaural time diff

A

sound from right side will arrive at left ear and detection of delay helps us locate sound

71
Q

interaural intensity diff

A

intensity greater on the side sound comes from

72
Q

sensory receptors

A

mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nocireceptors (pain), proprioceptors

73
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

rapidly adapting, small receptive field

74
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

rapidly adapting, large receptive field

75
Q

2 pt discrimination depends on

A 
receptor density (denser=better)
cortical representation (more=better)
number of receptive types
size of receptive fields (smaller=better)
76
Q

sensory information

A

dorsal root,

dorsal root ganglion

77
Q

motor info

A

ventral root

78
Q

herpes zoster virus

A

shingles

affects dermatome on one side of body

79
Q

left dermatome

A 
spinal cord (segmented)
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
80
Q

right dermatome

A

skin, one to one correspondance between dermatomes and spinal segments

Neuroscience 2016 (7 decks)

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