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Biology > 17) Inherited Change > Flashcards

17) Inherited Change Flashcards

1
Q

What is genotype?

A

The genetic makeup of an organism, describing all the alleles they have

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2
Q

What is Phenotype?

A

The observable characteristics of an organism

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3
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of nucleotide bases coding for a particular polypeptide

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4
Q

What is a locus?

A

The position of a gene on a particular DNA molecule

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5
Q

What is an allele?

A

A different form of the same gene

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6
Q

How many pairs are in homologous chromosomes?

A

2

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7
Q

What is homozygous?

A

Where the same allele is on each chromosome

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8
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

Where there is a different allele on each chromosome

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9
Q

What is meant if an allele is dominant?

A

It is the allele that is expressed in the phenotype

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10
Q

What is meant if an allele is recessive?

A

It needs both alleles to be expressed

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11
Q

What is meant if an organism is diploid?

A

There are 2 pairs of chromosomes

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12
Q

What is meant by codominant?

A

When 2 alleles work together and both contribute to the phenotype

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13
Q

What is pure breeding and what would it produce in plants?

A
  • breeding between members of the same species

- produces homozygous dominant plants

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14
Q

What is the first filial?

A

Offspring of 2 different pure-bred species that are cross-bred

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15
Q

What is an enzymatic mechanism?

A

The mechanism that brings about a characteristic from the proteins to the visible feature

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16
Q

How many chromosomes does a gamete contain?

A

23

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17
Q

What occurs in the phenotype of codominant alleles?

A

A blend of both features

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18
Q

What is an example of incomplete dominance?

A

Speckled chickens

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19
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

When the dominant allele isn’t completely expressed when the recessive allele is around

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20
Q

Is there a clear dominant allele in incomplete dominance?

A

No, both features are mixed

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21
Q

What is an example of incomplete dominance

A

Snapdragon flowers - these can be red, pink or white

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22
Q

What is a polygenic trait?

A

When there are many genes coding for one trait such as height and skin colour, so all genes work together to code for the trait
e.g. AABbCc, Aabbcc, AaBbCc

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23
Q

What can influence polygenetic traits?

A

Environmental factors, although this doesn’t alter the genetic state

24
Q

What is epistasis?

A

When one gene depends on another gene in order for it to be expressed

25
Q

What is an example of epistasis?

A
  • genes coding for coat colour in animals
  • one gene will code for colour
  • another gene will code for colour expression
  • without the gene for colour
26
Q

What is a sex linked trait?

A

When the alleles carrying the trait are carried on the sex chromosomes

27
Q

Why are most sex linked traits carried on the X chromosome?

A
  • it is bigger

- it carries more genes than the Y chromosome

28
Q

What is an example of a sex linked trait carried on the X chromosome?

A

Haemophilia

29
Q

Why are males more likely to inherit recessive sex linked traits?

A

They only have one X chromosome present, so there is no other X chromosome to cancel it out

30
Q

What type of inheritance pattern is multiple alleles?

A

Non-Mendelian

31
Q

What is multiple alleles?

A

Having more than 2 alleles for a given gene

32
Q

What is an example of multiple alleles?

A

Blood type

33
Q

How is blood type inherited?

A

Genetically

34
Q

What are the alleles for blood type?

A

A, B, O

35
Q

What antibodies are in the plasma of blood group A?

A

Anti-B

36
Q

What antibodies are in the plasma of blood group B?

A

Anti-A

37
Q

What antibodies are in the plasma of blood group AB?

A

None

38
Q

What antibodies are in the plasma of blood group O?

A

Anti-A and Anti-B

39
Q

What antigens are in the red blood cell of blood group A?

A

A antigen

40
Q

What antigens are in the red blood cell of blood group B?

A

B antigen

41
Q

What antigens are in the red blood cell of blood group AB?

A

A and B antigens

42
Q

What antigens are in the red blood cell of blood group O?

A

None

43
Q

Why do yo have opposite antibodies to the antigens in your blood?

A

So to not cause an immune response against your own blood

44
Q

Why can’t group A receive blood from group B?

A

They have an antibody against antigen B found on red blood cells of group B, so would reject the blood and start an immune reaction

45
Q

Why can’t group B receive blood from group A?

A

They have an antibody against antigen A found on red blood cells of group A, so would reject the blood and start an immune reaction

46
Q

Why can blood type O give to anyone?

A

They have no antigens so there would be no immune responses or rejection

47
Q

Who can blood type O give to?

A

Anyone

48
Q

Who can blood type AB accept blood from?

A

Anyone

49
Q

Why can blood type AB accept from anyone?

A

It doesn’t have antibodies against A or B antigens, so there would not be an immune response

50
Q

Outline the process of the Chi 2 test (5 steps)

A

1) Use ratio to find expected results for each phenotype
2) Record the actual number (observed value) for each phenotype
3) Use the equation and solve it
4) Use df and the table to work out the critical value
5) if X2 is larger than the critical, the results are significant, and the null hypothesis is rejected

51
Q

What happens to the null hypothesis if the results of Chi2 are significant?

A

It is rejected

52
Q

When are the results of Chi2 said to be significant?

A

When the X2 value is larger than the critical

53
Q

What does it mean for results to be significant?

A

They are not due to chance

54
Q

How do you work out df in Chi2 test?

A

number of classes-1

55
Q

What is the X2 equation for Chi2?

A 
E

Biology (21 decks)

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