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Pastures > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the trade-off in yield versus quality for hay making

A

Cutting time v’s quality decline
Decided by favourable weather conditions
Dried to a level of preventing heating and burning in the shed
75-80% DM

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2
Q

What is low quality pasture

A

Less than 60 % DMD or ME lower than 8.5 MD

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3
Q

Outline the factors that affect the rate of drying

A

Length of stubble
Type of mower
Turning of swath
Conditions

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4
Q

Faster part of swath to dry

A

Leaf Lamina

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5
Q

Legumes vs grasses for drying

A

Grasses dry faster

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6
Q

Describe the effect that conditioning has on hay and outline any positives

A

Increases the speed of stem drying
Increases water loss from grass
Requires less turning, raking

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7
Q

negatives of conditioning

A

Overdrying is biggest problem
Rain events decrease quality of condidtioned hay more than unconditioned
This is amplified more with rain after mowing

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8
Q

Outline some of the losses that occur in haymaking

A

DM can decline by 14% for grass, 20% for legumes
Losses higher in poor weather
Machinery Losses - each time incurs penalty
Respiration- 19% can be lost (9-14 days in paddoc)

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9
Q

Other lossed of hay

A

Feeding out losses 40%

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10
Q

Factors effecting feed out losses of hay

A

Environ - wind, rain
Animals trampling
Microbial degratation
Handling

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11
Q

Effects of croimpling on hay

A

Inc. oss of quality but less drying time

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12
Q

Storage of hay losses

A

10%

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13
Q

Describe the fermentation process for silage and outline key factors that affect the success of making silage.

A

Respiration of CHO’s = O2, water, Energy
If O2 is excluded, temp rise of 2-3 degrees
Respiration can decline withing mins if o2 excluded efficiently
Ensiling preserves herbage by encouraging fermentation of carbs

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14
Q

How to carbs ferment to Lactic acid in SIlage

A

Lactobacillus bacteria

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15
Q

Silage pH reduction to

A

4.2

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16
Q

What does low pH inhibit

A

Growth of clostridia. grows in arerobic conditiond and reduces the N value in feed.
Increases the pH lavel and produces putrefying compounds (acetic acid, amine)

17
Q

Silage v Hay

A

Silage has high ME and palatibility
Cant transport pr market silage
Stock eat hay first
Silage making more expensive

18
Q

Describe the effect of phyto-oestrogens in clover

A 
Sub and red clover
Low lambing %
Dystocuia - difficult lambing
Post natal mortality
Ewe Infertility
Prolapse
Lactating in virgin ewes
Teat development in weathers
19
Q

Management of phyto-oestrogen

A

Modern cultivars have much lower levels

Cows less affected as they have higher oestrogen levels

20
Q

Signs of bloat

A

Rapid fermentation producing large amounts of gas (co2 and ch4)
Bloat occurs when bubbles form, preventing belching
Increases rumen pressure against the lungs

21
Q

Pasture factors of bloat

A

High soluble protein content
Rapid digestion of feed
High conc. of small feed particles

22
Q

Species for bloat

A

Lush green growth of legumes
Lucerne, white, red, sub clover
YOung and vegetative

23
Q

Legumes with tannins preventing bloat

A

Lotus, serradella

24
Q

Pasture management to manage bloat

A 
Maining grass /legume balance
graze in pm
Feed hay before grazing
strip grazing prevents selectivity
Protein declines with stage of development
Spray with bloat oils/tannins
25
Q

Describe the causes of hypocalcemia (milk fever) and methods to reduce the risk of hypocalcemia

A

Plasma Ca concentrations too low to support normal nerve and muscle function
Low K forages are useful to reduce cation-anion diff
Feed dry cows low K sources to prevent

26
Q

Describe the causes of hypomagnesia (grass tetany)

A

Low Mg in cerebro - spinal fluid
Grazing of fresh material in late autumn/early spring
Bos Taurus more susceptible than Bos Indicus

27
Q

Factors leading to Low Mg

A

Mg level in herbage absorbed or retained affected by high K in soil, low levels of available Ca and P
Low feed availability - below 1000kg D/Ha

28
Q

Treatments of Hympomagnesia

A

Feed 4kg hay per day
Causmag
High legume content in paddock

29
Q

Describe the causes of nitrate poisoning

A

NO3- reduced to NO2- in rumen

High levels convert haemaglobin to methoglobin

30
Q

How does NO3- accumulate in plant tissue

A

High N in soil

Growth rapidly decelerates due to low light, droughtm temp

31
Q

methods to reduce the risk of nitrate poisoning

A

Prevent hungry stock by feeding hay of mature grass before allowing access to paddock
Prevent Gorging recently sprayed weeds
Prevent grazing of highly fertilised crops, especially 7 days after rainfall, low temp, cloudy weather

32
Q

Endophytes

A

Fungus that infects grasses
Produce toxic compounds
In Perennial rye and tall fescue

33
Q

Endophyte safe approach

A

Sow safe perennial ryegrass or so phalaris instead

Pastures (12 decks)

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