Chapter 10 Flashcards
Who carried out the Crusades?
Western Europe - The Holy Roman Empire**
Why were the Crusades launched?
1) To retake the Holy Land.
2) Secure Trade Routes
3) Drive Back Muslim Encroachments into Europe itself.
What was the result of the Crusades?
Failure if given enough time.
What two social/economic/political concepts emerged during the Middle Ages?
Feudalism and Manorism.
Who were the Franks?
A Germanic people.
When did the Franks come into contact with Rome?
Around 350 AD.
Where did the Franks live?
Germany, Belgium, and Holland.
What group of people were key for the transition from the Roman Empire to a distinctly European-based western civilization?
The Franks.
What was the Franks chief connection with Rome?
Through the military. They provided a large supply of rugged recruits. By the 400s Franks served as high-ranking military commanders.
Who was the Frank military commander that staged a coup against the Roman army?
Clovis.
How did Clovis bring some unity to the fractured Germanic world?
By converting publicly to Christianity in an elaborate ceremony. He made Christianity the glue for his proto-empire.
What were the motives of Clovis for “converting” to Christianity?
Purely political. By converting to Christianity, Clovis hoped to win the support of wealthy Romans for his rule.
What is the technical name for the new joint society that emerged under the reign of Clovis?
The Gallo-Roman or Franco-Roman society.
What held Gallo-Roman/Franco-Roman society together?
Cultural Christianity.
What is Clovis’s Kingdom called?
The Merovingian Kingdom.
Where did Clovis and his Kingdom expand to?
Throughout all present-day Germany and into Northern Italy.
What to nations trace their roots to the Merovingian Kingdom?
France and Germany.
Was the Merovingian Kingdom a state in the modern sense of the term?
No.
How many Kingdoms was the Merovingian Kingdom split into after Clovis’s death?
Four. Each was ruled by one of his four sons.
Who was Theodoric the Great?
An Ostrogoth who ruled Southern Italy.
How did he seek to integrate his people and the former Romans?
He used Roman governmental structures to administer his rule and used Ostrogoth military structures.
Why did the Ostrogoth and Roman people end up feuding?
Over religious differences that sparked a civil war after Theodoric’s death.
Where did the Visigoths rule?
Spain.
Why were they unable to create a lasting unity with the Romans?
Due to religious differences between the two peoples.
What brought about short term unity with the Visigoths and the Romans?
When the Visigoth aristocracy embraced Christianity in 600 AD.
What destroyed the short term unity between the Visigoths and the Romans?
The Muslim invasion of Spain in 717 AD. Leaders of the Visigoths converted to Islam and ruled as Muslims.
Why did an Eastern and Western church start to informally take place in the 500s?
Due to issues with political stability. The West lacked political stability so the Pope (The Bishop of Rome) began to do more and more quasi-political things. The East did not lack such stability. In fact, the Bishop of Constantinople routinely bowed to the authority of the Eastern Roman Emperor.
Which pope clearly defined the role of the papacy?
Pope Gregory the Great.
What are some the things People Gregory the Great did to define the role of the papacy?
1) He made the pope the greatest landowner in Italy.
2) He organized the military defense of Rome and paid for its army.
3) He heard court cases
4) He negotiated treaties.
5) He provided welfare services.
6) He sent missionary expeditions to other parts of Europe.
What did members of the Eastern Romane Empire believe about the authority of the Bishop of Rome?
That the Bishop of Rome was under the authority of the emperor of the Easter Roman Empire since they perceived the Eastern Roman Empire as continuing the old Roman Empire.
When was the last time the Byzantine Emperor set foot in Rome?
663 AD.
When was the last time the pope set foot in Constantinople/Byzantium?
710 AD.
How was the rift between the East and West churches obvious in the 700s?
1) The Eastern Church allowed priests to get married while the Western Church maintained that priests must be celibate.
2) The Eastern Church prohibited fasting on Saturdays during lent while the Western Church required it.
What did Justian II do to show his anger at the pope?
He ordered the pope to be arrested by the Italian armies he claimed control over.
Did the Italian armies actually arrest the pope?
No.
What emperor tried to raise taxes on papal property?
Leo III.
Why did Leo III raise taxes on papal property?
To finance an Eastern Roman Empire war against the Muslims.
What issue permanently divided the two branches of the church?
Icon and Relics.
What approach did the Eastern Church take towards icons?
It allowed no icons at all. This is called Iconoclasm.
What approach did the Western Church take towards icons?
It condoned the acceptable use of icons in worshipped and even considered anti-icon emperors hereitics.
When was the divorce between the two churches made official?
1054 AD.
What was the Western Church called?
The Roman Catholic Church
What was the Eastern Church called?
Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
What did Arianism teach?
The Lord Jesus was not God and not a formal part of the Trinity.
