chapter 9

Question 1

the ability to pass conservation tasks provide clear evidence of ______, mental actions that obey logical rules

Answer 1

operations

Question 2

the ability to focus on several aspects of a problem at once and relate them to one another

Ex. Recognizing that when 1 of 2 identical glasses of water is poured into a shorter wider container, that the amounts are still the same because even though it is now shorter, the width of the container makes up for the loss in height

Answer 2

decentration

Question 3

the ability to go through a series of steps in a problem and then mentally reverse them and return to the starting point

Answer 3

reversibility

Question 4

the ability to order items along quantitative dimension such as length, weight or height

Answer 4

seriation

Question 5

the ability to seriate mentally

requires children to integrate multiple relationships at once

Answer 5

transitive inference

Question 6

mental representations of familiar large scale spaces such as their neighborhood

Answer 6

cognitive maps

Question 7

children at the concrete operational stage think in an organized, logical fashion only when dealing with concrete ______ that they can perceive ________

Ex. When shown the pairs of different size sticks, children are able to infer that stick A was longer than stick C, but they have considerable difficulty with a hypothetical version of the problem: “Susan is taller than Sally, and Sally is taller than Mary. Who is the tallest?”
Children are not able to solve this problem until ages 11-12

Answer 7

information

directly

Question 8

time needed to process information on a wide variety of cognitive tasks declines rapidly between ages 6-12

Answer 8

increases in information processing speed and capacity

Question 9

the ability to control internal and external distracting stiumuli improves

Answer 9

gains in inhibition

Question 10

between ages 6-10, children become better at deliberately attending to just those aspects of a situation that are relevant to their goals

Answer 10

selective

Question 11

older children can flexibly adapt their attention to task requirements

When asked to sort cards with pictures that vary in both color and shape, children age 5 and older can switch their basis of sorting from color to shape when asked to do so

Answer 11

adaptable

Question 12

involves repeating information to oneself

first memory stategy, appears in the early grade school years

Answer 12

rehearsal

Question 13

grouping together related items

second strategy to appear, increases recall dramatically

Answer 13

organization

Question 14

creatinga relation between two or more items that are not members of the same category
appears by the end of middle school
Ex. If two words on a list to be remembered are “fish” and “pipe,” a child might generate the verbal statement or mental image “the fish is smoking a pipe.”

Answer 14

elaboration

Question 15

set of ideas about mental activities becomes more elaborate and refined during middle childhoold

Answer 15

theory of mind

Question 16

the process of continuously monitoring progress toward a goal, checking outcomes and redirecting unsuccessful efforts

Answer 16

cognitive self regulation

Question 17

argued that reading should be taught in a way that parallels childrens natural language learning

Answer 17

whole language approach

Question 18

children were first coached on phonics - the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds

Answer 18

phonics appraoch

Question 19

test designers use a complicated statistical technique called ______ to identify various abilities that intelligence tests measure

Identifies which sets of test items _______meaning that test-takers who do well on one item in a cluster tend to do well on the others
Distinct clusters are called ______, each of which represents an ability

Answer 19

factor analysis
cluster together
factor

Question 20

permit large numbers of pupils to be tested at once and are useful for instructional planning
usually given to classrooms as a whole
teachers need little training
can identify children who require more extensive evaluation

Answer 20

group administered tests

Question 21

are used for more extensive evaluation of children
require considerable training and experience to begeiven well
the examiner considers both the childs answers and _____ and notes reactions such as _____ to and _____ in the tasks
examples stanford-binet and wechsler

Answer 21

individually administered tests
behavior
attention to
interest

Question 22

For individuals from age 2 to adulthood
Assesses general intelligence and 5 intellectual factors: knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, working memory, and basic information processing (such as speed of analyzing information)
Each factor includes both a verbal and a nonverbal mode of testing, yielding 10 subtests in all
The knowledge and quantitative reasoning factors emphasize culturally loaded, fact-oriented information, such as vocabulary and arithmetic problems
But the visual-spatial processing, working-memory, and basic information processing factors are assumed to be less culturally biased because they require little specific information

Answer 22

stanford-binet

Question 23

The 1st test to be standardized on children representing the total population of the U.S., including ethnic minorities
Widely used for 6-16 year olds
Measures general intelligence and 4 broad factors: verbal reasoning, perceptual (or visual-spatial) reasoning, working memory , and processing speed
Each factor is made up of 2 or 3 subtests, yielding 10 separate scores in all
Was designed to downplay culturally dependent knowledge, which is emphasized on only 1 factor, verbal reasoning
According to the test designers, the result is the most “culture-fair” intelligence test available

Answer 23

wechsler

Question 24

to look for relationships between components of information processing such as basic working memory capacity and childrens scores
major problem: regards intelligence as entirely due to causes within the child disregarding cultural and situational factors that are known to affect childrens thinking

Answer 24

componential analyses

Question 25

expands the componential approach into a comprehensive theory that regards intelligence as a product of both inner and outer forces
_________: infomration processing skills
________: capacity to solve novel problems
________: application of intellectual skills in every day situations

Answer 25

triarchic theory of successful intelligence
analytical
creative
practical intellegence

Question 26

believes that each intelligence has a unique biological basis, a distinct course of development, and different expert, or “end-state,” performances
Also emphasized that a lengthy process of education is required to transform any raw potential into a mature social role
Cultural values and learning opportunities affect the extent to which a child’s intellectual strengths are realized and the ways they are expressed

Answer 26

gardeners theory of multiple intelligences

Question 27

Some argue that ethnic groups may not have equal opportunity to be exposed to information on the tests and the testing situation may impair the performance of some children but not others

Answer 27

test bias

Question 28

the fear of being judged on thesis of a negative stereotype
Researchers gave African-American, Hispanic-American, and Caucasian-American 6-10 year olds verbal tasks
Some children were told that the tasks were “not a test” and others were told they were “a test of how good children are at school problems”
Among children who were aware of ethnic stereotypes, African American and Hispanic American children performed far worse in the “test” condition than in the “not a test” condition, those who were not aware of stereotypes did not
In contrast, Caucasian American children performed similarly in both conditions

Answer 28

stereotype threat

Question 29

______ are the most beneficial

teachers spend less time disciplining and more time teaching and giving individual attention

Answer 29

smaller class

Question 30

learning in school factors include

Answer 30

class size
eductional philosphies
teacher student relationships
larger cultural context

Question 31

teachers are the sole authority for knowledge, rules and decision making and does most of the talking

Answer 31

traditional

Question 32

encourages students to construct their own knowledge

beneficial

Answer 32

constructivist

Question 33

children start to live up to their teachers positive or negative views of them

Answer 33

educational self fulfilling prophecy

Question 34

students with learning difficulties are placed in regular classrooms for all or part of the day
this practice is designed to prepare them for participation in society and to combat prejudices against individuals with disabilities
although some students in inclusive classroom situations benefit academically, many ___

Answer 34

inclusive classrooms

do not

Question 35

display exceptional intellectual strengths including creativity and talent as well as high IQ

Answer 35

gifted children