55-63 Civil Rights Flashcards

Question

role of Earl Warren in the boardf of education

Answer 1

he believed segregation was unconstitional he was the chief justice of the supreme court. supreme court 9 justices agreed school woul desgregate with all deliberate speed. (no fixed timeline)

Answer 2

Federal government became more comitted to Civil Rights (CR 1964 abnd Vr1965) Civil Rights movement grow bigger and louder, inspired by the success of this case

Answer 3

after the 1954 ruling, the federal governemnt did very little to ensure southern states complied with the ruling. In 1955 a further ruling was made saying desgregation should happen with all deliberate speed, this was partly because of southern delaying tactics but also because President Eisenhower thought the ruling was mistake and did not throw his weight behind the federal governemnet regarding the decsion.

Answer 4

in 1957, 9 students attempted to enrol at Little Rock Highschool in Arkansas. Governor of Arkansas (Orval Faubus) sent the National troops to support segragation, and they blocked the school entrance. President Eisenhower was forced to send in federal troops into school. Despite this they still experienced horrendous violence and intimidation in school

Answer 5

-he was forced to act because of all the media attention, is he had continued to deny them access he would have been siding with the segtrationists, -he was not in favour of civil rights -he inly sends the troops in afterwards

Answer 6

in 1955, Rosa Parks was asked to giver up her seat on the bus. The entire African American community of Montgomery boycotted the buses (which they were the primary uses of) The boycott lasted until December 1956 Involved were the then unknown oastor MLK, SCLC and MIA. later the sclc would be the forefront of many future campaigns challenging segration

Answer 7

Montgomery Improvement Association

Answer 8

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Answer 9

-he was relatively unknown in Montgomery so he would not have friends/enimies and so everyone accepted him -he was a pastor, and the church had an established network to communicate through to arrange the boycott -he formulated ideas of mass action and non violence

Answer 10

- there was a major succes: In December 1956 the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on buses was unconstitional -led to the rise of MLK -created the SCLC -showed the importance of mass movement and non violence -Supreme court rules in their favour

Answer 11

As a method of protest, sit ins had been used throughout the 30s and 40s. In 1960 students spontaneously began a sit in at a Woolworths store in Greensboro in North Carolina. WHilst King joined them once it was primarily led by students. They would sit at the counter and refuse to move when staff would not serve them. led to the formation of SNCC who practiced non violence but this did not stop people from using extreme violence against them.

Answer 12

Student Non-violent Co-ordinating Comittee

Answer 13

the young are often more radical, and if they are students they have more free time

Answer 14

led by CORE. They were challenging segregation laws at interstate highway bus facilities. Once again KIng had little role, and even declined the invitiation to partake in a freedom ride. when the freedom riders arrived in the south they recieved violence. It took action from the presdidenscy to pass stronger legislation to force desgregation, but it would take much longer until full desgregation occurred.

Answer 15

1963 it was one of the most racially segregated cities in the south, its governor George Wallace was a segregationist so it became the target pf civil rights movement. MLK, fred Shuttlesworth and James Bevel led the campaign which incorporated sit in, boycotts and protests. Protestors faced violence from the police led by the police commisioner Eugene Bull O COnnor whose heavy handed tactics garnered international attention. America was supposed to be the forefront of democracy yet peaceful protest was met with violence

Answer 16

he was arrested and whilst in jail, he wrote the "letters from Birmingham Jail". (critical of moderates like Kennedy) He manipulated the news and the media to good effect, extra donations poured in and the Kennedy Administration was pushed into drafting the 1964 civil rights act

Answer 17

he was accused of hypocrisy "He marches for peace one day, and then the very next day threatens actions we think are coldly calculated to bring violent responses from otherwise peaceful neighbourhoods"

Answer 18

He urged his brother that if King lost in Birmingham "worse leaders are going to take his place."

Answer 19

young children were used in protests, some as young as six. The jails were filled with children and images appeared of the children being sprayed with high pressure water hoses, clubbed by police and attacked by police dogs. this would appall those who witnessed it through the news as children would be seen as a step to far.

Answer 20

1963 initially Rustin and Randolph intended it to focus on jobs and freedom. Many other attempts of organising a mass demonstration had failed but this attracted 250,000 people and many speakers, but MLK spoke last and his "I have adream speech" is the most remebered. Afterwards the speakers went to the white house to discuss civil rights with the Kennedy Adminstration.

Answer 21

Malcolm X criticised the march and called it a "farce on washington" as he believed civil right leaders were cooperating to much with white leaders.

Answer 22

it had alot of coverage from the leaders, and is seen as vital for propelling the Kennedy Adminstraion to focus on civil rights.

Answer 23

1965 After the passage of the CRA 1964, focus turned to increasing black participation in voting. Selma was chosen as half of the population of 29000 was black but only 23 were registered to vote. King and SCLC arranged a march of would be voters to the Selma courthouse, but it descended into violence (MLK admitted he wanted to be arrested to attract media attention). they led another march which would become know as "Bloody Sunday" with state troopers attacking the marchers.

Answer 24

outlawed disrimination based on gender, religion or race. ended de jure racism but no de facto

Answer 25

the marches did raise awareness of the difficulty black people faced when trying to vote, and probably was responsible for LBJ passing the Voting Rights Act of 1965. one of Kings last successes

Answer 26

SNCC accused SCLC of leaving behind a "string of embittered cities" which were worse of when SCLC left. Only staying long enough for media attention and quickly moving on not caring about long term impact.

Answer 27

1966- After the CRA and VRA there was little in terms of legislation that could be achieved so the focus turned to social and economic inequalties faced by black people. King chose the black ghettos of Chicago as his target, as there was aproblem of poor housing, unemployment and education. leaders in chicago warned King not to come and interfere

Answer 28

Raised awareness by leading journalists around rat infested, unheated houses. However the campaign lacked any real focus or goal. A demonstration that anticipated 100,000 only attracted 30,000

Answer 29

King and SCLC moved out in Autumn 1966. Whilst the SCLC managed to secure a $4million grant to improve loacal housing, black people felt the SCLC had sold out and failed to mobilise the movement in chicago

Answer 30

-by the late 60s many had turned to black nationalism and the views of Malcolm X -White people tired of black protest, white people viewed the goal as having been achieved. -King highlighted that racisim was not only a southern issue and people didnt like that remainder (white peoples attention had also moved to vietnam) -King criticised Vietnam which alienated President Johnson

Answer 31

When King was assinated in 1968 the direct action phase of civil rights ended and so did the SCLC. Howver the main goals had been achieved and it was questionable what more could have been. Kings organsational abilities were poor but he had the ability to inspire and his actions often gained national attention. impetus for reforms

55-63 Civil Rights Flashcards

(56 cards)