voice lecture 2

Question 1

what is diaphragm

Answer 1

• primary muscle of breathing
• works solely on inhalation/exhalation of tidal volume
• contracts and pulls down, the lungs lengthen, because of the vacuum adhesion between the pleurae
• the viscera (abdominal and pelvic area) slide down and compress a small amount
• vacuum is created in the alveoli because they increase in size and half of a breath cycle has taken place, inhalation/inspiration; then diaphragm relaxes; viscera slide back into place, alveoli shrink size due to elastic properties, and other part of breath cycle is completed, exhalation/expiration.

Question 2

diaphragm continued

Answer 2

• controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS); not under conscious control; works while we are asleep.
• tidal volume air exchange is a very passive process; sometimes people need to be trained to be more effective breathers
• most of time in normal conversation trained breathing is not necessary

Question 3

external intercostals

Answer 3

• second most important muscles of forced inhalation
• can be under conscious control
• 11 intercostals attached to certain ribs
• contraction raises the ribs and ever so slightly twists them medially; can feel it with a deep breath
• raising ribs can add 1500 to 2000 cvs of inspiratory reserve volume

Question 4

internal intercostals

Answer 4

• important for forced exhalation
• antagonist to the external intercostals
• there are 11 internal intercostals; they course downward and laterally from the sternum
• contraction lower ribs and forcefully exhales the extra expiratory reserve volume
• ribs want to untwist and go back to resting position
• a little passive assistance to exhalation

Question 5

transverse abdominus muscle or transversalis

Answer 5

• fibers transverse across the abdomen
• deepest of the abdominal muscles
• origins are from inner surfaces of ribs 6 through 12, the lumbar fascia, the inner edge of the anterior 3/4s of the iliac crest and from the lateral 1/3rd of the inguinal ligament

Question 6

internal oblique muscle

Answer 6

• these muscle fibers run medially and diagonally upward with origins in the inguinal ligament
• the rostral (situated toward nose/beak) portion of this muscle insures into cartilages of last 3 or 4 ribs, and ribs 8 or 9 through 12
• rest of the fibers terminate at the line alba-tendinous median line on the anterior abdominal wall

Question 7

external or decending oblique muscle

Answer 7

• this is the largest and most superficial of the abdominal muscles
• runs laterally and downward diagonally and medially
• it originates from the exterior surfaces and lower borders of the ribs 5 through 12
• part of muscle terminates on the anterior 1/2 of the iliac crest
• rest terminates along the length of the outer layer of the abdominal aponeurosis (broad tendons)

Question 8

rectus abdominus muscles

Answer 8

• long flat muscles which extend the while length of the front of the abdomen
• it aries by two tendons from pubis and ascends to insert into cartilages of ribs 5 to 7
• has 3 tendinous intersections called linea transverse
• “six pack muscle”

Question 9

role of abdominal muscles re:breathing

Answer 9

• if the pelvis and spine are fixed, the external and internal oblique muscles compress the lower part of the thorax, thus pulling the ribs down and assisting in expiration.
• When the pelvis and thorax are fixed, the abdominal muscles compress the abdominal viscera by constricting the cavity of the abdomen- this can help raise air pressure in the lungs.
• Or if you hold these muscles rigid, you allow diaphragm to move upward on it’s path to relaxation, releasing air without raising air pressure substantially

Question 10

cartilage

Answer 10

very strong connection tissue, embryologically formed by chrondroblasts
-framework for larynx; trachea; bronchii; ears; and nose

Question 11

hyaline (cartilage)

Answer 11

bluish white, glassy in appearance, found on ends of bones, and the costal cartilages; composes the nasal septum, the bronchial and tracheal rings

Question 12

fibrous cartilage

Answer 12

inelastic; fiberglass like; found in the spinal column, as well as in some joints and ligaments

Question 13

elastic cartilage

Answer 13

elastic fibers; more flexible; yellowish and opaque; forms the external ear and ear canal, the epiglottis, and small cartilages of the larynx

Question 14

what is the membrane that covers the cartilage

Answer 14

perichondria

Question 15

What are the joints

Answer 15

• functional connections between bones and the cartilages of the larynx
• no joint, no movement
• muscles attach at and across joints

Question 16

synarthrial joint

Answer 16

immovable joint of fibrous connective tissue; joins structures firmly where adjacent bones connect; the skull and palate are synarthrial joints

Question 17

amphiarthrodial joint

Answer 17

yielding joint; slightly moveable; found between vertebraes in spine; and in the mandibular symphysis

Question 18

synovial joint

Answer 18

freely moveable joint bones joined at these joints are covered by hyaline cartilage; they are enclosed by an articular capsule containing synovial fluid

Question 19

plane or gliding joint

Answer 19

one concave surface, other convex; allows for sliding movement between articular processes such a between the ribs and vertebrae

Question 20

ginglymus joint

Answer 20

a hinge joint that allows movement in only one place, usually forward or backward (e.g., elbow; knee)

Question 21

pivot joint

Answer 21

a small projection of one bone stick out into the opening of a another bone.

Question 22

condyloid joint

Answer 22

an oval shaped surface fits into an elliptical portion, one surface is slightly concave and one slightly convex or flat; this allows for all types of movement except rotation.

Question 23

saddle joint

Answer 23

one part concave, one part convex; allows for bi-axial movement; more range of motion than condyloid (thump, arytenoid)

Question 24

ball and socket

Answer 24

a free joint that allows movement in several direction (shoulder and hip)

Question 25

what are the 3 function of the larynx?

Answer 25

1. protection for the airway
2. acts as a valve to prevent air leaving the lungs to build abdominal pressures and give the torso more rigidity for lifting, coughing, voiding, or vomiting
3. voice

Question 26

epiglottis

Answer 26

• leaf life structure; sits behind the hyoid bone and the root of the tongue; stem of the leaf is attached by the thyro epiglottic ligament
• primary function is protection of the airway
• covers airway during swallowing
• made up of elastic cartilage which is very pliable and long lasting

Question 27

hyoid bone

Answer 27

• u shaped bone; not attached to any other bone in the skeleton; suspended in place by muscles and ligaments; supports the roof of the tongue
• located in the neck at about 3rd cervical vertebra; size, symmetry and movement is variable person to person

Question 28

Thyroid cartilage

Answer 28

• largest of the laryngeal cartilage
• anterior and lateral walls are composed of hyaline cartilage
• one landmark is the thyroid notch at superior midline

Question 29

cricoid cartilage

Answer 29

• foundation of the larynx; shaped like a ring
• made up of hyaline cartilage
• sits on top of the trachea
• great range of motion

Question 30

arytenoid cartilages

Answer 30

• pyramidal type of structures which sit on the posterior portion of the cricoid cartilage
• has four surfaces: a posterior surface, a medial surface, an anterolateral surface (largest) and concave base surface
• each surface has muscle attachments except for the inferior concave surface which forms a saddle joint w the cricoid cartilage. This saddle joint allows rocking and gliding movement. this action is directly involved in moving the vocal folds.

Question 31

corniculate cartilages

Answer 31

-horn or cone shaped elastic cartilages that sit on top of the apex of each pyramidal arytenoid cartilage

Question 32

cuneiform cartilages

Answer 32

there are fold of mucous membranes extending from the apexes of the arytenoids to the lateral edges of the epiglottis. These folds are called the arepiglottic folds and form the lateral borders of the superior entrance to the larynx. imbedded in these folds are the cuneiform cartilages which are covered w mucous membrane, fat, and connective tissues. for some people these cartilages are very prominent, for others they are missing

Question 33

cricoarytenoid joints

Answer 33

synovial joints; saddle joints, allows the arytenoid cartilages to glide medially and laterally; forward and backward in a rocking motion.
When the arytenoid cartilages move, so do the vocal folds- opening and closing folds

Question 34

cricothyroid joints

Answer 34

• synovial joints, pivot joints
• involved w fundamental frequency. these joints allow for movement that changes position of the thyroid cartilage relative to the cricoid cartilage.
• the folds can be stretched, tensed and thinned which affects fundamental frequency

Question 35

extrinsic membranes

Answer 35

a kinda of wrap outside the cartilages of the larynx

basically closing gaps between the major cartilages on the superficial aspect of the larynx

Question 36

intrinsic laryngeal ligaments

Answer 36

these ligaments interconnect the laryngeal cartilages and influence the extent/direction of the movement of the cartilages

Question 37

vestibule

Answer 37

this space extends from the ventricular folds superiorly to aditus laryngis.
somewhat of a triangular space, wider ventrally than dorsally

Question 38

subglottal

Answer 38

extends from the true vocal folds to the inferior border of the cricoid. further below is the trachea

Question 39

anterior commissure

Answer 39

juncture where the true vocal folds attach to the anterior of the thyroid cartilage

Question 40

posterior commissure

Answer 40

where the true vocal fold attach to the anterolateral surfaces of the arytenoids

Question 41

glottis

Answer 41

the posterior 1/3rd is called inter cartilaginous glottis; the anterior 2/3rds if muscle and membrane called the membranous glottis