5511 Deck 14 Extra Cards

Question 1

Explain:

The general rule of energy transfer between trophic levels

Answer 1

10% of the energy from the lower trophic level is transferred to the next.

Question 2

Fill in the blank:

Energy flows through an ecosystem in an _______ trend.

Answer 2

upward.

Question 3

Describe:

What happens to the energy that isn’t transferred to the next trophic level

Answer 3

It is lost due to heat, metabolism or matter not consumed.

Question 4

Fill in the blank:

The process of hunting to capture and eat organisms is called _________.

Answer 4

predation

Question 5

Explain:

The difference between prey and herbivory.

Answer 5

• Prey is the organism being hunted and eaten.
• Herbivory is when the prey species is a plant.

Prey can be either a plant or an animal.

Question 6

Mention:

An example of an offensive technique used by prey.

Answer 6

Spraying chemicals or having spikes.

Question 7

Define:

Batesian mimicry

Answer 7

It occurs when a harmless organism mimics the warning coloration of a harmful species.

Question 8

Define:

Mullerian mimicry

Answer 8

It occurs when two different species share the same warning coloration.

Question 9

Fill in the blank:

The process of using body shape and coloration to blend in with the environment is called ________.

Answer 9

camouflage

Question 10

Define:

Population as an ecological concept.

Answer 10

A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area.

This definition can apply to both human and animal populations.

Question 11

Explain:

What it means for a population to be stable.

Answer 11

It is about as big as it can get and not in danger of mass shrinkage.

Stability indicates a healthy ecological system.

Question 12

Define:

Metapopulation

Answer 12

A group of groups that are physically distant but interact.

An example is salmon returning to spawn in their birth streams.

Question 13

How do birds demonstrate the concepts of immigration and emigration?

Answer 13

Birds migrate south in winter (emigration) and return north in summer (immigration).

This pattern is an example of seasonal resource following.

Question 14

Define:

The rock life cycle

Answer 14

The natural Earth process of how rocks form and convert between types.

The rock life cycle includes igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.

Question 15

Identify:

How long it can take for rocks to form or change types

Answer 15

They can take hundreds to millions of years to form or change types.

Geological processes are slow compared to human lifetimes.

Question 16

Define:

Lithification

Answer 16

The processes of compaction and cementation that create sedimentary rocks.

Lithification occurs after sediments accumulate.

Question 17

List:

The three types of sedimentary rocks

Answer 17

• Clastic rocks
• Organic rocks
• Chemical rocks

Each type has different formation and composition characteristics.

Question 18

Describe:

Bioclastic sedimentary rocks

Answer 18

Rocks that contain pieces and particles from once living matter, such as fossils.

Examples include fossiliferous limestones.

Question 19

Explain:

The difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks.

Answer 19

• Extrusive: Formed above the surface.
• Intrusive: Formed beneath the surface.

Plutons are examples of intrusive igneous formations.

Question 20

List:

The two main processes of metamorphism.

Answer 20

• Contact metamorphism
• Regional metamorphism

These processes involve intense pressure and heat.

Question 21

Explain:

The difference between foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks.

Answer 21

• Foliated: Visible layers
• Non-foliated: No visible layers

Foliation is an indicator of the metamorphic process.

Question 22

Identify:

Where tectonic plates are located

Answer 22

In the lithosphere, which includes the crust and upper mantle.

The lithosphere sits on top of the mantle, which is more fluid beneath.

Question 23

How many main tectonic plates are there?

Answer 23

Seven

There are additional smaller plates as well.

Question 24

# Identify: The composition of **tectonic plates**.

Answer 24

Solid rock in the lithosphere. ## Footnote The **lithosphere** is composed of **basalt** and **granite**.

Question 25

# Fill in the blank: The **mantle** is a \_\_\_\_\_\_ layer made of solid rock composed of **iron** and **magnesium**.

Answer 25

thick, somewhat fluid ## Footnote The upper layer of the mantle is rigid and forms the lithosphere with the crust.

Question 26

# Define: Tephra

Answer 26

**Rocks** and **debris** thrown into the air by a **volcano**. ## Footnote Includes pieces of the ground, mixed rocks or ash from burning material.

Question 27

# Define: A magma chamber

Answer 27

An open **room that fills with magma**, always found above vents. ## Footnote Magma chambers near the surface help predict eruptions.

Question 28

# List: Some common **chemical elements** found in **igneous rocks** from volcanoes.

Answer 28

* Aluminum * Calcium * Iron * Magnesium * Oxygen * Potassium * Silicon * Sodium * Titanium ## Footnote These elements are typical in volcanic rock formation.

Question 29

# List: The two main types of **volcanic eruptions**.

Answer 29

* Effusive eruptions * Explosive eruptions ## Footnote Effusive eruptions are less violent, while explosive eruptions can cause significant destruction.

Question 30

# Describe: The 'ring of fire'

Answer 30

An **area in the Pacific Ocean Basin** with numerous volcanoes along tectonic boundaries. ## Footnote It is known for its **high volcanic activity**.

Question 31

# Explain: What characterizes **Strombolian** eruptions?

Answer 31

**Small blast eruptions** occurring two to three times an hour, reaching up to one kilometer high. ## Footnote Named after the active volcano on the island of **Stromboli**.

Question 32

# Describe: **Pelean** eruptions

Answer 32

**Large amounts of gas**, dust, ash and lava that flow down the volcano at high speeds. ## Footnote These eruptions have a high death toll and little warning.

Question 33

# Explain: What distinguishes **Plinian** eruptions?

Answer 33

**Sustained eruptive columns** reaching heights of over 45 km. ## Footnote Named after **Pliny the Younger**, who documented the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius.

Question 34

# Identify: How are **volcanoes** classified according to their **activity level**?

Answer 34

* Active * Dormant * Extinct ## Footnote These classifications can change based on new scientific data.

Question 35

# Define: An **active** volcano

Answer 35

A volcano currently **erupting** or expected to **erupt soon**. ## Footnote Approximately 1500 active volcanoes exist on Earth.

Question 36

# Define: A **dormant** volcano

Answer 36

A volcano that **has erupted** in recorded history but is not expected to erupt soon. ## Footnote Predicting eruptions is not exact; some dormant volcanoes can remain **inactive** for centuries.

Question 37

# Define: An **extinct** volcano

Answer 37

A volcano that scientists predict **will never erupt** again. ## Footnote **Rejuvenation** can occur, making an extinct volcano active once more.

Question 38

# Explain: The causes of movement that lead to **earthquakes**.

Answer 38

It is caused by **mechanical waves** propagating through layers of rock. ## Footnote **Energy** radiates from the source of the earthquake in all directions.

Question 39

# List: The three main parts of an **earthquake**.

Answer 39

* Focus * Seismic waves * Fault ## Footnote Each part plays a critical role in the occurrence and measurement of earthquakes.

Question 40

# Describe: The **focus** of an earthquake.

Answer 40

The **geographic location** and **depth** where the earthquake starts. ## Footnote The focus is also referred to as the **hypocenter**.

Question 41

# Mention: The type of motion **thrust** or **reverse faults experience**.

Answer 41

Vertical motion. ## Footnote One block moves upwards relative to the other in these faults.

Question 42

# Explain: What causes **tectonic earthquakes**?

Answer 42

Movement along a **fault** or **tectonic boundary**. ## Footnote Pressure builds up when tectonic plates push against each other.

Question 43

# List: The types of **stress** that can cause **earthquakes**.

Answer 43

* Compressional * Tensional * Shear stress

Question 44

# List: The four types of **earthquakes**.

Answer 44

* Tectonic * Volcanic * Collapse * Explosion ## Footnote Each type is triggered by different geological events.

Question 45

# List: The five stages of a **tectonic earthquake**.

Answer 45

* Elastic build-up * Dilatancy * Influx of water * Earthquake * Aftershocks ## Footnote These stages describe the process leading up to and following an earthquake.

Question 46

# Define: A foreshock

Answer 46

A smaller event that releases some elastic strain **prior to the main earthquake**. ## Footnote **Foreshocks** can occur days to years before the larger earthquake.

Question 47

# Define: **Arches** as a geological concept

Answer 47

Naturally-occurring **rock formations** shaped like an **upside-down letter U**. ## Footnote An example is the **Landscape Arch** in Arches National Park (Utah) and it is the largest in the world.

Question 48

# Identify: A significant factor in the **weathering** of rocks in deserts.

Answer 48

High daytime temperatures and low nighttime temperatures.

Question 49

# Mention: An effect of **rust on rocks**.

Answer 49

It **weakens** rocks that contain iron.

Question 50

# Define: Stratigraphy

Answer 50

The study of rock layers. ## Footnote **Geologists** study these layers to learn about **Earth's history**.

Question 51

Who proposed that the **locations of land and water could change** over extremely long time frames?

Answer 51

Aristotle | (around 350 B.C.)

Question 52

# Explain: What does the term '**eon**' refer to in the **geologic time scale**?

Answer 52

The **largest division of geologic time**, spanning millions to billions of years.

Question 53

# Identify: The time period that includes the **Hadean**, **Archaean** and **Proterozoic** eons.

Answer 53

Precambrian Time

Question 54

# Identify: The current **geologic time** division.

Answer 54

Holocene Epoch

Question 55

# List: The three periods of the **Cenozoic Era**.

Answer 55

* Quaternary * Neogene * Paleogene

Question 56

# Mention: The significant event that marked the end of the **Paleozoic Era**.

Answer 56

A massive extinction event.

Question 57

# Explain: What does the symbol '**Ma**' stand for in **geologic time**?

Answer 57

1,000,000 years.

Question 58

# Explain: The significance of the **Cambrian Period**.

Answer 58

It marks the **beginning of the Phanerozoic Eon** and the proliferation of multicellular life.

Question 59

# Identify: The duration of the **Quaternary Period**.

Answer 59

2.6 Mya to present.

Question 60

# Mention: The primary characteristic of the **Paleogene Period**.

Answer 60

It is characterized by the **Paleocene**, **Eocene** and **Oligocene** Epochs.

Question 61

# Mention: What marks the end of the **Mesozoic Era**?

Answer 61

A **mass extinction** event 65 million years ago.

Question 62

# Identify: The primary feature of the fossil record during the **Precambrian time**.

Answer 62

Very little fossil evidence of living organisms.

Question 63

# Explain: What **Lyell** proposed regarding changes on Earth.

Answer 63

Changes occur incrementally and follow patterns seen in the present. ## Footnote This idea helped explain the history of the Earth and became a basis for the **principle of uniformitarianism**.

Question 64

# Define: Semidiurnal tides

Answer 64

They are characterized by **two low and two high tides** each day. ## Footnote These **tides** occur in locations where geography and topography allow for such patterns.

Question 65

# Define: Diurnal tides

Answer 65

They include **one high tide** and **one low tide** each day. ## Footnote These **tides** occur in specific geographical locations where the tidal pattern is influenced by **land separation**.

Question 66

# Define: Spring tides

Answer 66

They occur during **new moons**, resulting in **above-average** high tides and **below-average** low tides. ## Footnote The **maximum gravitational force** is experienced during spring tides due to the alignment of the moon, sun and Earth.

Question 67

# Define: Neap tides

Answer 67

They tides occur during the **first and last quarter phases of the moon**, resulting in below-average high and low tides. ## Footnote During neap tides, the sun and moon's gravitational forces are at right angles, minimizing the tidal range.

Question 68

# Fill in the blank: The maximum range between high and low **tides** is observed during \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 68

spring tides ## Footnote **Spring tides** have the greatest **tidal range** due to the alignment of the moon, sun and Earth.

Question 69

# List: Some hazards caused by **volcanic eruptions**.

Answer 69

* Gas clouds * Acid rain * Tephra * Ash * Lava flow * Landslide * Pyroclastic flow * Tsunami * Earthquake * Loss of plants and habitats

Question 70

# Describe: **Vulcanian** eruptions

Answer 70

**Moderate-strength eruptions**, marked by a large solid plug being ejected at the start. ## Footnote Named after an eruption on the island of **Vulcano**, part of the **Eolian Islands**.

Question 71

# Explain: **Icelandic** eruptions

Answer 71

Characterized by the effusion of **low-viscosity lava** from long fissures, creating extensive lava flows. They produce **gentle, steady outpourings** rather than explosive events. ## Footnote This type of volcanic activity is commonly observed in **Iceland**.

Question 72

# Describe: **Hawaiian** eruptions

Answer 72

**Calm volcanic eruptions with fluid lava** that flows easily. They often create lava fountains, lava lakes and broad lava flows. ## Footnote Commonly seen in **Hawaii**'s volcanoes.