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Animal Physiology > quiz 7 > Flashcards

quiz 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the fuction of an arteriole

A

regulate blood flow into tissue

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2
Q

how is fluid forced through capillaries

A

by filtration

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3
Q

why is filtration through capillaries important

A

its a way of moving material from blood to tissues

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4
Q

what is the function precapillary sphinter

A

regulate blood flow into a tissue

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5
Q

what does a precapillary sphinter consist of

A

a bulb at the end of a capillary that controls blood flow into capillaries

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6
Q

what is the difference between veno and vasoconstriction

A

vaso in artery veno in veins

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7
Q

what is the function of a vein

A

returns blood to the heart

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8
Q

what about the internal anatomy of a vein is large

A

the lumen is large

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9
Q

what does it mean that some veins have one way stop valves

A

have cup shaped valves to close and stop the flow of blood

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10
Q

is artery or vein system high pressure

A

artery is high pressure, vein is low pressure

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11
Q

what changes about the resistance in venoconstriction versus venodilation

A

the resistance levels do not change in veins

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12
Q

what kind of input controls venodilation or venoconstriction

A

sympathetic input

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13
Q

what controls venodilation or venoconstruction

A

CV center in the medulla

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14
Q

what is impacted most by venodilation and venoconstriction

A

resevoir capacity

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15
Q

what is venoconstriction

A

descrease resevoir, increase venous return

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16
Q

what is venodilation

A

increase resevoir, decrease venous return

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17
Q

which veno has the lower sympathetic activity

A

venodilation

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18
Q

how do veins have a low resistance

A

due to large lumen

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19
Q

what is a change in venous return correlated with in the heart

A

end diastolic volume

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20
Q

what are vericose veins due to

A

degredation of valves in veins

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21
Q

what increases venous return

A

venoconstriction

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22
Q

when is venoconstriction increased

A

when exercising

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23
Q

where is the majority of systemic blood located in the body

A

in the venous system

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24
Q

when is the majority of the blood not in the veins

A

when exercising (need to remove more co2 and bring in o2)

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25
Q

why can capillaries have a very small portion of blood

A

because they have a huge surface area to allow for gas exchange dynamics

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26
Q

surface area is directly proportional to _______

A

flow rate

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27
Q

what is the function of a peristaltic pump

A

continuous cycles

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28
Q

what has largest overall influence in blood pressure

A

diastole

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29
Q

what would the mean value for resting be if 120 and 80 and why

A

it would be 90 because diastole is more influential than systole

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30
Q

why are mammalian RBC shaped weird

A

due to endotermic needs due to oxygen demands that are critical for endothermy

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31
Q

how much of vertebrate blood is made of up formed elements

A

10-50%

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32
Q

what are the 3 cellular fractions to vertebrate blood

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

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33
Q

what is the dominant formed element in vertebrates

A

red blood cells

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34
Q

how many hemoglobin molecules are found in one RBC

A

270 million

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35
Q

what vertebrate fish lacks hemoglobin

A

channichthyidae

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36
Q

what carbon derivative is in red blood cells

A

carbonic anhydrase

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37
Q

how many RBC are in adult human

A

20-30 trillian (4-5million per cubic mm)

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38
Q

what happens to RBC when they mature

A

they eject their nucleus and become anucleate

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39
Q

what is the proper name for the shape of RBC

A

biconcave

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40
Q

what is the function of WBC

A

defense, phagocytosis (5 types)

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41
Q

what is the function of platelets

A

hemostasis

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42
Q

what are the two most common names for blood

A

blood or hemolymph

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43
Q

what is blood/hemolymph

A

circulating fluid in cardiovascular system

44
Q

what is the common slang term for RBC

A

little bags of hemoglobin

45
Q

what is the purpose of carbonic anhydrase

A

gas transport in blood

46
Q

what does carbon anhydrase catalyze

A

the reaction of water and carbon dioxide to produce carbonic acid

47
Q

how do channichthyidae function without hemoglobin

A

use o2 in extracellular fluid in blood

48
Q

what is another name for a platelate

A

thrombocyte

49
Q

what does it mean that platelets work in hemostassi

A

they have mechanisms to stop blood loss

50
Q

what is the order of formed elements in abundancy

A

most is RBC, platelete, then WBC is least abundant

51
Q

what is the life span of an erythrocyte

A

100-120 days

52
Q

what is another name for an erythrocyte

A

RBC

53
Q

what engulfs dying RBC and where

A

macrophages in the spleen

54
Q

what is the function of the spleen

A

resevoir for RBC and the removal site needed for recycling of organic elements

55
Q

when an erythrocyte is destroyed what happens

A

heme and globin are separated, iron reused

56
Q

what happens to the heme upon degredation

A

heme degraded to bilirubin (yellow)

57
Q

where is bilirubin secreted from and to

A

secreted from liver into into bile for intestines

58
Q

what is the body of feces

A

stercobilin

59
Q

what happens to globin when RBC degraded

A

metabolized into amino acids

60
Q

how is globin broken down for amino acid use

A

broken down by hydrolysis

61
Q

what is anemia

A

blood has abnormally low o2 carrying capacity

62
Q

what does it mean that in anemia blood has a low o2 carrying capacity

A

blood levels cant support normal aerobic metablism

63
Q

what are the symptoms of anemia

A

fatigue, pleness, shortness of breath, chills

64
Q

anemia is a ___ not a ____

A

symptom, disease

65
Q

what produces new formed elements

A

bone marrow

66
Q

what are the three kinds of anemia due to insufficient RBC

A

hemolytic, aplastic, hemorrhagic

67
Q

what is hemolytic anemia

A

RBC repture in blood rpematurely

68
Q

what is aplastic anemia

A

destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow

69
Q

what is hemorrhagic anemia

A

acute or chronic loss of blood

70
Q

when does acute blood loss occur

A

something sudden like an accident

71
Q

when does chronic blood loss occur

A

gradual over time like an ulcer or a tumour

72
Q

what are the causes for hemolytic anemia

A

genetic or parasitic

73
Q

what is genetic hemolytic anemia

A

athallocemia

74
Q

what parasite causes hemolytic anemia

A

malaria (protozoic: proliferate in RBC and burst RBC to hatch and spread youth)

75
Q

what is an example of how aplastic anemia happens

A

excessive exposur to radiation

76
Q

what are the two kind of anemia due to low Hb production

A

iron deficiency, pernicious

77
Q

when can iron deficiency anemia occur

A

as a secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia or due to inadequite intake of iron containing foods, impaired iron absorption

78
Q

what can cause iron absorpton to be impaired

A

chrons disease

79
Q

when can pernicious anemia happen

A

not enough b12, tapeworm

80
Q

how do you treat pernicious anemia

A

b12 injection or application of nascobal

81
Q

why is anemia an issue

A

iron holds the oxygen in the blood and prevents enough packing of hemoglobin into RBC

82
Q

what diseases result from abnormal hb structure

A

thalassemias and sickle-cell

83
Q

what is thalassemias

A

absent or faulty globin chain

84
Q

what is sickle-cell

A

crystalization dynamic causes shape change. crystalization due to defective gene code makes cells sickle shaped when in low o2

85
Q

where are hemocytoblasts produced

A

bone marrow

86
Q

what is the production of RBC called

A

erythropoieses

87
Q

what regulates production of RBC

A

glycoprotein hormone ERYTHROPOIETIN

88
Q

where is erythropoietin made

A

kidneys

89
Q

what is the name for the production of WBC

A

leukopoiesis

90
Q

when does leukemia happen

A

abnormality in production of WBC

91
Q

what is the term for the production of all formed elements

A

hematopoiesis

92
Q

what kind of feedback dynamic is erythropoiesis

A

negative feedback dynamic

93
Q

what is the primary component of blood

A

plasma

94
Q

how much of blood is made of plasma

A

50-90%

95
Q

what is plasma

A

water containing dissolved and suspended solutes

96
Q

what makes up 80% of the solute in plasma

A

na and k

97
Q

what is the most abundant organic compound in plasma

A

glucose

98
Q

why are albumins needed in plasma

A

transport and osmotic pressure. brings fluid out of tissues from capillaries to prevent edema

99
Q

what is the proper name for blood in insects and other invertebrates

A

hemolymph

100
Q

waht percent of hemolymph is plasma

A

90%

101
Q

what are the 4 formed elements in hemolymph

A

prohemocytes, plasmocytes, granulocytes, coagulocytes

102
Q

what are prohemocytes

A

stem cells that can turn into other formed elements where needed

103
Q

what are plasmocytes

A

phagocytes

104
Q

what are granulocytes

A

store proteins and release srategically where and when needed

105
Q

what are coagulocytes

A

act kind of like platelets. they rupture and trigger hemostasis

Animal Physiology (9 decks)

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