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SBS 3 > test 3 > Flashcards

test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 bones of the skull?

A 
1 frontal 
2 parietal 
2 temporal 
1 occipital 
1 sphenoid 
1 ethmoid
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2
Q

what are the 15 facial bones?

A 
1 frontal 
2 maxillary 
2 nasal 
1 vomer 
2 inferior conchae 
2 lacrimal 
2 palatine
2 zygomatic 
1 mandible
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3
Q

what is the smallest bone of the orbit

A

lacrimal bones

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4
Q

what 2 bones make the lacrimal fossa?

A

the maxillary and lacrimal

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5
Q

what are sutures?

A

the bones of the skull are immovable joints that are fused at the sutures.

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6
Q

what is the only movable joint in the skull?

A

the temporomandibular

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7
Q

what suture joins the frontal and parietal bones?

A

coronal suture

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8
Q

what suture joins the 2 parietal bones?

A

sagittal suture

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9
Q

what suture joins the parietal and occipital bones?

A

lambdoidal

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10
Q

what suture joins the temporal and parietal bones?

A

squamosal

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11
Q

what suture joins the temporal and zygomatic bones?

A

temporozygomatic

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12
Q

what suture joins the palatine bones?

A

median palatine

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13
Q

what suture joins the maxillae and palatine bones?

A

transverse palatine

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14
Q

how many bones do the palatine bones connect with?

A

4, occipital
frontal
temporal
sphenoid

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15
Q

what is an inion?

A

the highest point of the occipital protuberance

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16
Q

What goes through the foramina magnum?

A

spinal cord, vertebral arteries CN XI

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17
Q

What nerve is CN XI?

A

Accessory nerve

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18
Q

What goes through the hypoglossal canal?

A

hypoglossal nerve ( XII )

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19
Q

What nerve is CN XII

A

hypoglossal nerve

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20
Q

What goes through the jugular foramen? (formed by occipital and temporal bones)

A

internal jugular vein,

CN IX, X, XI

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21
Q

What nerve is CN X?

A

Vagus

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22
Q

What nerve is CN IX

A

glossopharyngeal

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23
Q

What is the foramen lacerum covered by?

A

cartilage plate (this is right below the internal carotid artery

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24
Q

What opens to the tympanic cavity?

A

external acoustic meatus

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25
Q

What houses CN VII and VIII

A

the internal acoustic meatus

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26
Q

what nerve si CN VII

A

facial

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27
Q

what nerve is CN VIII

A

vestibulocochlear

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28
Q

What nerve does the chord tympanic nerve come from?

A

the facial nerve, and goes through the petrotympanic fissure

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29
Q

What nerve goes through the stylomastoid foramen?

A

CN VII ( facial)

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30
Q

what cells compose the mastoid process?

A

mastoid air cells

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31
Q

what is the function of styloid process?

A

serves as an attachment for muscles and ligaments

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32
Q

how many processes do the temporal bone have?

A

4, styloid, mastoid, zygomatic and Postglenoid

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33
Q

What is the tubercle?

A

another name for the postglenoid process that is posterior to the temporomandibular joint. this aids in the movement of the mandible

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34
Q

What houses the pituitary gland?

A

Sella tucica

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35
Q

what forms the lateral walls of the orbit?

A

sphenoid bone .

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36
Q

Where does the maxillary nerve pass through?

A

foramen rotundum

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37
Q

Where does the mandibular nerve pass through?

A

foramen ovale

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38
Q

Where does the middle meningeal artery pass through?

A

Foramen spinosum

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39
Q

What nerve is CN II

A

the optic nerve

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40
Q

What nerves pass through the ethmoid bone?

A

olfactory nerves

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41
Q

what is the smallest bone of the face?

A

lacrimal bone

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42
Q

what are the two L shaped bones?

A

palatine bones

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43
Q

What are the 2 palatine foramens?

A

Greater and lesser palatine foramens.

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44
Q

What nerves pass through the mandibular foramina?

A

inferior alveolar nerve and vessels that innervate the gums and teeth

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45
Q

what passes through the mental foramen?

A

mental nerve and vessels.

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46
Q

what forms the floor of the orbital cavity?

A

maxillary bones

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47
Q

What bones do the maxillary articulate with?

A

frontal, nasal, lacrimal, ethmoid, SPHENOID, palatine and zygomatic

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48
Q

what foramen do the nasopalatien nerve and the branches of the sphenopalatine artery pass through?

A

the incisive foramen

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49
Q

where does the infraorbital foramen lie?

A

below the eyes and in front of the maxilla

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50
Q

what goes through the infraorbital fissure?

A

the infraorbital nerves and zygomatic nerves, infraorbital artery and ophthalmic vein.

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51
Q

Where is the alveolar process?

A

at the root of MAXILLARY teeth

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52
Q

where is the frontal process?

A

on top of the maxillary bone.

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53
Q

what are the 3 external fossae of the skull

A

temporal
infratemporal
pterygopalatien
these are important landmarks of the skull for locating muscles, blood vessels and nerves

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54
Q

what forms the temporal fossa?

A

zygomatic, frontal, greater wing of sphenoid, temporal and parietal this contains temporalis muscle

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55
Q

what divides the temporal and infratemporal fossae

A

the infratemporal crest of the greater wing

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56
Q

What nerve is CN V?

A

trigeminal nerve

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57
Q

what does the infratemporal fossa contain?

A

CN V mandibular division, pterygoid plexus, pterygoid muscles, maxillary artery and pranches

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58
Q

where is the pteygopalatine fossa located and what does it contain?

A

located between the pterygoid process of sphenoid bone and maxillary tuberosity and contains maxillary artery, pterygopalatien ganglion and maxillary nerve

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59
Q

What are the bones of the orbit?

A

frontal bone, maxillary bone, zygomatic bone, sphenoid bone, lacrimal, palatine, ethmoid

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60
Q

what makes up the roof of the orbit?

A

frontal bone and lesser wing of sphenoid bone

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61
Q

what makes up the floor of the orbit?

A

maxillary, zygomatic and palatine bones

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62
Q

what seperates the orbital floor from the lateral wall?

A

the inferior fissure

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63
Q

what forms the medial wall of the orbit?

A

maxillary, lacrimal, ethmoid, body of the sphenoid (rectangular)

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64
Q

what composes the lateral wall of the orbit?

A

the zygomatic, and greater wing

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65
Q

what artery enters through the optic foramen?

A

the ophthalmic artery

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66
Q

what forms the superior orbital fissure?

A

the greater and lesser wing

67
Q

what passes through the superior fissure above the annulus of zinn?

A

lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, trochlear and superior ophthalmic vein

68
Q

what passes through the common tendinous ring and the superior fissure?

A

S&I oculomotor nerve, nasociliary nerve and abducens

69
Q

what passes through the optic canal and the annulus of Zinn

A

optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

70
Q

what passes through the inferior fissure?

A

the inferior ophthalmic vein

71
Q

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

72
Q

what runs through the transverse foramen?

A

vertebral artery

73
Q

what is the first cervical vertebra calles?

A

Atlas, articulates with occipital bone condyles

74
Q

what is the 2nd cervical vertebra called?

A

axis, characterized by odontoid process

75
Q

What are the 2 most major arteries of the head and neck?

A

common carotid and subclavian

76
Q

What divides to the left side of the body from the aorta?

A

common carotid and left subclavian

77
Q

what divides to the right side of the body from aorta?

A

first brachiocephalic and then into common carotid and subclavian

78
Q

what does the common carotid divide into?

A

internal carotid and external carotid (at larynx)

79
Q

what does the common carotid travel with?

A

the internal jugular vein and the CN X

80
Q

what is the first branch of the subclavian?

A

the vertebral

81
Q

what happens to the vertebral artery once it reaches the inferior surface of the brain?

A

unites with left and forms the basilar artery

82
Q

what does the basilar artery supply?

A

cerebellum, pon and inner ear

83
Q

what does the intracranial part of the vertebral artery give to?

A

anterior spinal artery, posterior spinal artery and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

84
Q

what does the internal carotid divide into?

A

ophthalmic artery, anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery supplies blood to eyeball, orbit structures, lacrimal gland, ear, most of cerebrum and pituitary gland forms part of circle of willis

85
Q

what artery supplies the outermost 5 retinal layers?

A

short posterior ciliary

86
Q

what supplies the inner retina?

A

central retinal artery

87
Q

what does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

medial and inferior portion of the frontal lobe, medial side of parietal lobe and corpus callosum

88
Q

where is the most common site for aneurysms for the circle of willis?

A

anterior communication artery

89
Q

what areas do the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

lateral and frontal parietal and upper temporal also the Broca’s and Wernicke’s speech areas. basal ganglia

90
Q

What happens if there is an occlusion that supply meyer’s loops in the temporal lobe

A

contralateral superior quadantanopia ( pie in the sky)

91
Q

what arteries supply the pons?

A

pontine arteries

92
Q

what does the basilar artery become?

A

anterior inferior cerebellar, posterior cerebral, superior cerebral, laberynthine (for 15% of people) and pontine

93
Q

where does the labarinthe arise from for most people?

A

85% from AICA this supplies the cochlea and vestibular

94
Q

what happens to the visual field if there is an occlusion in the posterior cerebral artery ?

A

nasal and temporal on contralateral sides are blind with macular sparing

95
Q

what supplies the optic chiasm?

A

posterior communicating artery

96
Q

what are the three main branches of the external carotid?

A

facial, maxillary and superficial temporal artery

97
Q

where does the middle meningeal artery arise from?

A

the maxillary artery adn enters the spinosum and supplies the dura

98
Q

what happens if there is a laceration of the middle meningeal

A

epidural hematoma usually presents after trauma

99
Q

what are the signs of a subdural hematoma

A

headache drowsiness, focal neurological deficits and sometimes dementia ( recurs frequently)

100
Q

what are the three main veins?

A

internal jugular, external jugular and vertebral veins

101
Q

where do all veins drain into in the brain?

A

dural venous sinuses especially the cavernous sinus and then into the internal jugular

102
Q

occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)

A

origin: epicranial aponeurosis
insertion skin superior to supraorbital margin
action look of surprise
innervation: CN VII

103
Q

occipital belly

A

Origin: occipital bone

insertion: epicranial aponeurosis
action: draws scalp posteriorly
innervation: CN VII

104
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

O: medial wall of the orbit
I: circular path around orbit
A: closes eye

105
Q

levator palpebrae superioris

A

O: roof of orbit at lesser wing
I: skin of upper lid
A: elevates upper lid
I: oculomotor nerve ( CNIII)

106
Q

corrugator supercilii

A

O: medial end of superciliary arch of frontal bone
I: medial eyebrow
A: frown
N: CN VII

107
Q

procerus

A

A: look of disgust or shield eyes from sunlight

108
Q

nasalis

A

flares nostrils

109
Q

depressor septi nasi

A

constricts nostrils

110
Q

orbicularis oris

A

shapes lips during speech
closes mouth
protrudes lips

111
Q

zygomaticus major

A

draws angle fo mouth superior and laterally

112
Q

zygomaticus minor

A

elevates upper lip

113
Q

levator labii superioris

A

elevates upper lip

114
Q

depressor labii inferiors

A

draws lower lip and everts it (sorrow, doubt and irony)

115
Q

depressor anguli oris

A

depresses angle of mouth frown

116
Q

levator anguli oris

A

elevation of angle of mouth also known as caninus

117
Q

risorius

A

draws mouth laterally (to the sides) close mouthed smile

118
Q

buccinator

A

compression of cheeks

119
Q

mentalis

A

chin muscle, pout

120
Q

platysma

A

neck muscle (weird chaz look)

121
Q

masseter

A

elevates mandible to close mouth

122
Q

temporalis

A

elevates and retracts mandible can feel while chewing

123
Q

medial pterygoid

A

can move mandible from side to side and protrude it

124
Q

lateral pterygoid

A

same as medial (pushes jaw forward)

125
Q

what do extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

originate outside and insert in, moves tongue anteriorly, posteriorly and laterally

126
Q

what do intrinsic muscles of tongue do?

A

originate and insert within tongue alters shape of talking tongue.

127
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

genioglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus and hyoglossus

128
Q

how is an oculomotor nerve paralysis seen?

A

usually in dural hematoma, Right eye: downward and outward gaze dilated pupil Ptosis
Left eye:normal

129
Q

uncal herniation

A

dilated and fixed pupils

130
Q

aneurysms

A

sudden severe headache not relieved with analgesics

131
Q

what vascular diseases can cause CN III paralysis

A

DM, HTN and atherosclerosis

132
Q

what happens to eyes in CN IV paralysis?

A

trochlear nerve, weakness of downward gaze, pt. tends to tilt head opposite to the side of affected eye. can be caused by tumors, ischemia, DM or HTN

133
Q

clinical evaluation of CN V

A

facial sensation, corneal reflex, masseter muscle, jerk jaw reflex clinical correlation can be temporal meningiomas or lesions of CN V

134
Q

clinical correlation of CN VI issues

A

weakness or paralysis of ipsilateral rectus muscle. compensate by turning head toward side of lesion.

135
Q

bell’s palsy

A

lesion of CN VII Marked facial asymmetry•Atrophy of facial muscles•Eyebrow droop•Smoothing out of forehead and nasolabial folds•Drooping of the mouth corner•Uncontrolled tearing•Lips cannot be held tightly together or pursed•Difficulty keeping food in mouth while chewing on the affected side

136
Q

clinical evaluation of CN VIII

A

vestibulocochlear
rinne test - place a sound tuning fork on pt.s mastoid process and then next to ear and ask which is louder.
webber’s test- tuning fork in middle of forehead and ask which ear is louder, both should be same.

137
Q

clinical correlation of glossopharayngeal nerve CN IX

A

gag reflex,

138
Q

clinical correlation of CN X

A

vagus nerve hoarseness of voice, difficulty swallowing, soft palate droops on affected side uvula deviates to opposite side.

139
Q

clinical evaluation of CN XI

A

accessory nerve; shrug shoulders and turn head against resistance.

140
Q

clinical evaluation of CN XII

A

hypoglossal stick tongue out. deviates to weak side

141
Q

how many pairs fo spinal nerves?

A

31

142
Q

how many cervical nerves?

A

8 pairs

143
Q

how many thoracic nerves>

A

12

144
Q

how many lumbar nerves?

A

5

145
Q

how many sacral nerves?

A

5

146
Q

how many coccygeal nerve

A

1

147
Q

where does the spinal cord end?

A

2nd lumbar

148
Q

what axons do posterior spinal roots contain?

A

sensory

149
Q

what axons do anterior roots contain?

A

motor

150
Q

phrenic nerve

A

innervates diaphragm ,hiccups,part of cervical ganglion (c1-C4)

151
Q

axillary nerve

A

muscle and skin of shoulder

152
Q

radial nerve

A

damage cant elevate wrist, innervates extensor muscles of arm

153
Q

median nerve

A

flexor muscles in forearm and lateral part of hand, cannot pick up small objects

154
Q

musculocutaneous nerve

A

flex forearm and lateral surface of skin damage leads to not being able to flex forearm

155
Q

ulnar nerve

A

damage = clawhand

156
Q

femoral nerve

A

largest nerve of lumbar plexus, damage causes inability to extend leg gunshot lesions

157
Q

obturator nerve

A

medial thigh and small hip muscles, damage leads to not being able to close legs

158
Q

sciatic nerve

A

major nerve of sacral plexus largest nerve in human body damage leads to inability to extend him and flex knee (sciatica)

159
Q

what are some causes of sciatica?

A 
herniated disc (most likely)
dislocated hip, osteoarthritis, pressure from uterus during pregnancy, inflammation, irritation, improperly administered IM injections
160
Q

common fibular nerve

A

damage leads to dorsiflex or footdrop (lateral aspect of foot and leg)

161
Q

tibial nerve

A

innervates posterior foot, damage leads to inability to plantar flex, shuffling gait

162
Q

shingles

A

infection of peripheral NS by herpes zoster. vesicular cysts filled with water.

163
Q

what are the muscles that divide anterior and posterior neck

A

sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

164
Q

pancoast syndrome

A

malignant neoplasm of superior sulcus of lung.

SBS 3 (6 decks)

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