Ch 3 Notes

Question 1

A set of declarative claims some of which are reasons that are intended to support and other claim

Answer 1

Argument

Question 2

Intended to improve conclusive support for their conclusions

Answer 2

Deductive arguments

Question 3

Provide stable support for their conclusions

Answer 3

Inductive arguments

Question 4

Built by connecting two components using “or”

Answer 4

Disjunction

Question 5

Built by two components using connective “and”

Answer 5

Conjunction

Question 6

Use the terms “if” and “then”

Answer 6

Conditional

Question 7

A type of sentence that denies that a sentence is true

Answer 7

Negated sentence

Question 8

When an inductive argument is strong and has true primacies

Answer 8

Cogent

Question 9

We reason to a conclusion that is a generalization about members of a group by looking at some members of a group

Answer 9

Enumerative induction

Question 10

The entire group under study

Answer 10

Target group

Question 11

Drawing a conclusion on the basis of a sample that is to small

Answer 11

Hasty generalization

Question 12

Members of a sample must be like the members of the target group in all relevant ways

Answer 12

Representative

Question 13

Occurs when people who have interest complete polling surveys at rates higher than random

Answer 13

Self selecting samples

Question 14

The sample is almost never truly represented of the target group

Answer 14

Margin of error

Question 15

Involves using analogies due to the similarities between things

Answer 15

Analogical induction

Question 16

Involves attempting to explain something we have observed, but not all explanations are equally good

Answer 16

Hypothetical induction

Question 17

An argument begs the question when its conclusion is used as one of its premises

Answer 17

Begging the question

Question 18

When its falsely assumes that there are only two alternatives

Answer 18

False dilemma

Question 19

When a word is used in two different ways

Answer 19

Equivocation

Question 20

When its claims that what is true of the parts is also true of the whole

Answer 20

Composition

Question 21

When it claims that what is true of the whole is also true of the parts

Answer 21

Division

Question 22

Involves attacking or criticizing the arguer rather than the argument they have given

Answer 22

Appeal to the person

Question 23

Involves arguing that a claim is true of false based on its origin

Answer 23

Genetic fallacy

Question 24

Involves appeal to an inappropriate source as an authority

Answer 24

Appeal to authority

Question 25

Involves appeal to what a group of people or everyone believes

Answer 25

Appeal to the masses

Question 26

Claims that something must be true because it is a part of tradition

Answer 26

Appeal to tradition

Question 27

Used the lack of disproof of a claim as proof of its truth or the lack of proof of a conclusion and proof of its falsely

Answer 27

Appeal to ignorance

Question 28

Tries to establish its conclusion through a threat

Answer 28

Appeal to fear

Question 29

When it misrepresents someone’s claim in order to make the argument weaker

Answer 29

Straw man

Question 30

When it argues for a general conclusion about a type of thing based on a few examples

Answer 30

Hasty generalization

Question 31

When the comparison is made between two things does not involve enough similarities or does not involve real similarities

Answer 31

Faulty analogy

Question 32

Claims that two events are casually connected when they are not

Answer 32

False cause

Question 33

When it erroneously claims that doing one thing will lead to a bad action

Answer 33

Slippery slope

Question 34

Involves misleading arguments involving numbers

Answer 34

Statistical fallacies

Question 35

Confusing three kinds of averages or using them to mislead

Answer 35

Misleading averages

Question 36

Unblocked confusing relative and absolute statistical values

Answer 36

Misleading values

Question 37

The argument is valid and all the statement is true

Answer 37

Soundness