Non-union fractures (Pod med)

Question 1

Describe type 1 non-unions:

1? with an 2?

In this case, the mechanical stability is achieved by 3?

Answer 1

1. Hypertrophic 2. elephant’s foot-like shape or a horizontal rim or stabalising shelf
2. Compression

Question 2

Type 2 non-unions are 1?

in which a purely axial compression would generate 2?

Answer 2

1. more complex fractures, oblique with large fragments
2. torsional or cutting force with a consequential negative

Question 3

Type 3 non-unions:

Have serious 1? which often result 2?

Answer 3

1. communition or atrophy of the stumps
2. from exposed fractures with bone loss or post-infection consequences

Question 4

Type 4 non-union:

Type 4 non-union are 1?

The dominating choice of action is 2?

Answer 4

1. infected fractures
2. the removal of infected area

Question 5

What are different non-union types?

1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?

Answer 5

1. Hypertrophic
2. Atrophic
3. Normotrophic
4. Oligotrophic

Question 6

Hypertrophic nonunion:

A hypertrophic nonunion presents with 1?

On radiogrpahs, the hypertrophic non-union displays as 2?

Healing potential 3?

Answer 6

1. Large, vital callus, although inefficient to regenerate bony union
2. Large, broaden callus towards the fracture gap

Elephant foot non-union

3. Excellent healing potential because of their vascularity

Question 7

Atrophic non-union:

As a result of 1?

In radiological images, the atrophic non-union demonstrates as 2? 3? 4?

Healing potential 5?

Answer 7

1. Damaged vascular supply and distruction of periosteum and endosteum
2. Absence of Callus tissue 3. narrowing of bony ends 4. large radiolucent zone
3. because of their poor vascularity, they have a poor healing potential

Question 8

In type 1 non-union, 1? may be used

Question 9

How many months is considered for non-union?

Answer 9

6 months

Question 10

Hypertrophic non-union

What factors result in Elephant foot non-union or hypertrophic?

1?

2?

3?

Answer 10

1. Insecure fixation
2. Inadequate immobalisation
3. Premature weight-bearing

These are hypertrophic and rich in callus.

Question 11

Hypertrophic non-union

What factors contribute in formation of Horse foot non-unions?

Answer 11

After a moderately unstable fixation with plates and screws.

The end fragments show some callus, insufficient for union and possibly a little sclerosis.

Question 12

Avascular non-union

Atrophic non-union:

Answer 12

These are usually the final result when intermediate fragments are missing and scar tissues that lacks osteogenic potential