Memory

Question 1

What are the cognitive processes involved in memory?

Answer 1

• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval

Question 2

The type of memory with the shortest duration is called ____ memory.

Answer 2

Sensory

Question 3

According to Baddeley, the capacity of the phonological loop is determined by how much information an individual can rehearse in _____

Answer 3

2 seconds

Question 4

According to the ‘resource sharing model’ of Daneman and Carpenter….

Answer 4

• Poor readers show poorer working memory performance on the reading span task than good readers
• If a person is a good reader, reading sentences for their truthfulness uses up very few cognitive resources
• The reading span task measures how flexibly we can allocate mental resources to the processing and storage of material

Question 5

The primacy effect occurs because the words presented earlier in a list of words _____

Answer 5

Have more opportunity to be rehearsed than words later on in the list

Question 6

The suggestion that implicit memory and procedural memory are synonymous has been questioned on the basis of what?

Answer 6

Procedural memory implies conscious effort, implicit memory assumes no conscious effort

Question 7

The outcome of the Graf and Mandler study showed that…

Answer 7

Explicit memory, but not implicit memory, is affected by shallow and deep processing of information

Question 8

People in Godden and Baddeley’s study who learned lists of words underwater….

Answer 8

Recalled the words better underwater

Question 9

What are examples of the strong positive effects of odour on behaviour?

Answer 9

• An increase in charitable behaviour
• Enhanced recall of verbal material when odour is presented at encoding and retrieval
• Increased genital arousal in women exposed to male cologne during a specific stage of the menstrual cycle
• Create more favourable impressions of casually dressed female job candidate, but less favourable of formally dressed ones
• Generate more emotional memories than words/sights
• Facilitate anagram formation
• Increase brain electrical activity associated with relaxation or lack of attention
• Reduce anxiety in women waiting for dental surgery

Question 10

One of the stories used in the study by Bartlett (1932) is called…

Answer 10

The War of the Ghosts

Question 11

You are experiencing a great deal of difficulty learning your new telephone number. The number that you keep remembering is your old one. Your recall for your new number is impaired by ____

Answer 11

Proactive interference

Question 12

Following the case of Daubert vs Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc (1993), a new ruling in the US stated that ______ would be responsible for determining the relevance, validity and reliability of scientific evidence in court.

Answer 12

Judges

Question 13

The removal of part of H.M;s temporal lobe seems to have interfered with his _____ memory but not with his _____ memory

Answer 13

Explicit; implicit

Question 14

How long does echoic memory hold information for?

Answer 14

4 seconds

Question 15

Explain the recency effect

Answer 15

The words at the end of the list are still available in short-term memory

Question 16

What is consolidation?

Answer 16

The transfer of short-term memories into long-term memories

Question 17

What is episodic memory?

Answer 17

Autobiographical memory which provides information of our life experiences

Question 18

What is semantic memory?

Answer 18

Conceptual information such as general knowledge

Question 19

Which brain areas may be involved in semantic memory?

Answer 19

• Left prefrontal cortex (retrieval of words in response to a cue)
• Temporal lobe (object naming and characteristics of objects)
• Left prefrontal, parietal and posterior temporal cortex (processing of semantic information)

Question 20

What is explicit memory?

Answer 20

Memory of information we were aware of learning

Question 21

What is implicit memory?

Answer 21

Memory which is incidentally or unintentionally learned, and does not rely on recognition or recall of any specific learning episode

Question 22

In the case of Frye vs the US (1923) the court ruled that scientific evidence was admissible only if ______

Answer 22

It was accepted by the relevant scientific community

Question 23

An early study by Jenkins and Dallenbach (1924) showed that people are less likely to remember information after an interval of _____ than and interval of ______

Answer 23

Wakefulness; sleep

Question 24

What is retroactive interference?

Answer 24

New information interfering with information previously learned (cannot remember your old phone number)

Question 25

What is proactive interference?

Answer 25

Our ability to recall new information is impaired by information we have learned previously

Question 26

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 26

The inability to form new memories

Question 27

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 27

The impairment of retrieving memories from before the brain injury

Question 28

Why do few people remember events from infancy?

Answer 28

The hippocampus is too immature

Question 29

If encoding is intentional or incidental, it is associated with the ______

Answer 29

Left frontal cortex

Question 30

Simple retrieval of information is also associated with ______

Answer 30

Left frontal lobe activation

Question 31

Iconic memory is to _____ as echoic memory is to _____

Answer 31

Seeing; hearing

Question 32

One of the key features of Sperling’s study was that….

Answer 32

Participants were told which letters to report by the presentation of a high, middle or low tone

Question 33

_____ memory stores representations of the physical features of a stimulus for a very brief time

Answer 33

Sensory