Mock Midterms

Question 1

3 typical organs for hemorrhagic infarct:

giving you 5 possible answers but they only asked for 3

Answer 1

1. Pulmonary Infarct
2. Late Reperfusion AMI
3. Intestinal Infarct
4. Encephalomalacia rubra
5. Testis

Question 2

Most common cause of cardiac wall rupture

Answer 2

Myocardial infarction (mainly occurs during the capillarization period 3-12 days after infarct)

Question 3

4 Microscopic Features of Necrosis

Answer 3

1. Pyknosis, Karyorrhexis, Karyolysis
2. Cellular swelling
3. Eosinophilic cytoplasm
4. Glassy, homogenous

Question 4

Type of calcification in arteriosclerotic plaque

Answer 4

Dystrophic

Question 5

Cause and 3 major consequences of prostate hypertrophy

Answer 5

Cause: Decreased production and sensitivity to testosterone/DHT

Consequence:

1. Lower urinary tract obstruction
2. Bladder distension
3. Hydronephrosis

(there may be other answers for this because I feel like they’re all basically the same answer; maybe thrombus from periprostatic veins?)

Question 6

Definition of abscess

Answer 6

Collagen-enclosed accumulation of pus in a non-preformed body cavity

(differs from empyema which is in a preformed body cavity)

Question 7

3 examples of infective granulomas:

Answer 7

1. tuberculosis
2. syphillis
3. Aspergillosis pulmonis (a fungus)

Some others we didn’t talk about: leprosy, schistosomiasis, cat scratch disease

Question 8

4 fates of thrombus

Answer 8

1. Lysis
2. Embolism
3. Organization
4. Recanalization
   (5: Growth/ Propagation)

Question 9

Term for blood in the brain ventricles

Answer 9

Haemocephalis internus

Question 10

Term for inflammation of the cecum

Answer 10

Typhlitis

Question 11

What is Trousseau’s Sign?

Answer 11

Trousseau has 2 signs named after him, but the first one is probably more important to pathology

1. Early sign of pancreatic or gastric cancer: Migrating thrombophlebitis and blood clots
2. Hypocalcemia: inflating a blood pressure cuff causes their hand to curl up

Question 12

4 examples of liquefactive necrosis:

Answer 12

1. Gangrena humida
2. Anemic cerebral infarcts
3. Pulmonary abscess
4. Encephalomalacia rubra
   (5. pancreatic necrosis has liquefactive as well as fat necrosis)

Question 13

What is wavefront theory?

Answer 13

MI originates in the subendocardium and progresses outwards towards the subepicardium

This is because the subendocardium works harder and has greater oxygen demands, has higher pressure against the arteries, and is further from the origin of the arteries

Question 14

3 microscopic signs of acute inflammation:

Answer 14

1. Dilated capillaries
2. Significant amount of neutrophils are present (macrophages are for later or chronic inflammation)
3. Eosinophilic exudate masses

Question 15

2 types of calcification

Answer 15

Dystrophic

Metastatic

Question 16

6 types of atrophy based on mechanism

Answer 16

1. Decreased workload / Reduced function
2. Loss of innervation
3. Loss of endocrine stimulation
4. Oxygen/nutrition deficit
5. Persistent injury
6. Aging

Question 17

4 forms / complications of acute purulent inflammation

Answer 17

1. Abscess
2. Empyema
3. Phlegmon (purulent inflammation of connective tissue)
4. Purulent meningitis

Question 18

3 examples of non-infective granulomas

Answer 18

1. Sarcoidosis
2. Suture granuloma (foreign body)
3. Rheumatoid myocarditis (sort of; the part that causes rheumatic fever is infectious but rheumatic fever that causes myocarditis is an autoimmune disease)

Question 19

4 major acquired causes of hypercoagulability

Answer 19

1. Oral contraceptives
2. Smoking
3. Obesity
4. Sedentary lifestyle
   (5. Treatment with unfractionated heparin)

Question 20

Term for blood in the pertioneal cavity

Answer 20

Hemascos is the annoying hard-to-remember one,

Hemoperitoneum is the obvious one

Question 21

Term for inflammation of the rectum

Answer 21

Proctitis