Chpt. 9:Industrialization

Question 1

Gross national product

Answer 1

total value of all goods and services

Question 2

what was one resource to expand the nations economy

Answer 2

petroleum

Question 3

what policies did the fed gov introduce to help the industry

Answer 3

kept taxes and spending low; no regulations, nor control of wages/prices raised, tariffs and gave tracts of land in the west/ loans of the RR

Question 4

how did the gov. help and hurt industrialization

Answer 4

helped- increased tariffs, land grants to RR, selling public lands w/ mineral resources for less

hurt- high tariffs, caused foreign countries to raise their tariffs against American goods, hurt some businesses that tried 2 compete internationally

Question 5

how did new inventions,like telephone and electric bulb change american society

Answer 5

changed personal and buisness communication

Question 6

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Answer 6

Consolidated 3 RR’s to form from NY central, Gand Central Station in NY, 1st direct rail service between NY and chicago

Question 7

land grants

Answer 7

RRs seel to raise money to build RR

Question 8

robber barons

Answer 8

RR entrepreneurs who built their wealth by creating, lying and stealing from investors, tax payers, gov. officials, etc.

Question 9

what 3 causes, made the RR grow

Answer 9

entrepreneurs built long RR by connecting smaller ones
Time zones made trains more reliable
Land Grants

Question 10

how did large railroad systems benifit the nation

Answer 10

shifts supplies from one side of country to other in a faster way, spurred industrial growth, stimulated econ. growth

Question 11

what did the RR companies do w/ the land grants they recived from to gov.

Answer 11

sold grants to make money to build RR lines

Question 12

Corporation

Answer 12

org. owned by many people but treated by law as a single person

Question 13

stockholders

Answer 13

people who own the corporation

Question 14

stock

Answer 14

ownership of one’s shares

Question 15

Monopoly

Answer 15

When a single comp. achieves control of an entire market

Question 16

trust

Answer 16

new way of merging business that didn’t violate laws aginst owning other companies.

Question 17

in what 4 ways did retailing change

Answer 17

ads were illustrated and larger
chain stores offered goods at low prices
mail-order catalogs allowed people in rural areas to buy goods
dept. stores sold a variety of products

Question 18

what DIDNT everyone have in the early 1900s

Answer 18

indoor plumbing

Question 19

what advantage did issuing stocks offer corps.

Answer 19

ability to raise large amount of money to build factories and purchase supplies while spreading out financial risk

Question 20

what factors led to the rise of big buisnesses in the US

Answer 20

lower operating costs and could produce more goods cheaply and efficiently; could cut prices , increase sales and negotiate rebates

Question 21

yes and no, do u think someone,today could go from rags to riches like andrew carnegie

Answer 21

yes: social darwinism
no: requires capital ed/etc.

Question 22

Trade union

Answer 22

org. of workers with the same trade or skill

Question 23

industrial union

Answer 23

org. of common laborers and craft workers in a particular industry

Question 24

blacklist

Answer 24

list of “trouble makers”, workers who boycotted, rioted, etc

Question 25

marxism

Answer 25

Argued that basic force shaping capitalist socity was the class struggle beteen workers and owners

Question 26

arbitration

Answer 26

process in which and impartial 3rd party helps workers and mangement reach on agreement

Question 27

Haymarket riot

Answer 27

strikers @ Haymarket square supported 8hr shifts, May 3rd 1886, clash between strikers and police killed 1 person,bomb thrown and riot escalated

Question 28

Pullman strike

Answer 28

Pullman comp. shared wages b/c of 1890 depression, cut worker’s wages, riot escalated, workers went on strike, American RR Union stopped handing Pullman cars, threatening to paralyze econ.

Question 29

closed shop

Answer 29

Agreement that a comp. agrees to hire only union members

Question 30

4 ways employeres stopped union form forming

Answer 30

• oaths or sign contracts promising not to join union aka “Yellow dog” contracts
• blacklist
• lockout
• strike breakers/scab laborers

Question 31

what aspects of industrial life caused frustration for workers in late 1800s

Answer 31

uneven division of labor, poor working conditions, wages were cut

Question 32

why do people join unions

Answer 32

to gain control over working conditions

Question 33

why were some americans suspicious of unions

Answer 33

some equated unions w/ marxism and anarchism

Question 34

why did kights of labor lose members after haymarket riot

Answer 34

1 member was arrested and associated with anarchism

Question 35

what wew 3 goals of American federation of labor

Answer 35

get companies to recognize unions, agree to negotiations, have closed shops and 8hr wrk day

Question 36

why was the womens trade union league formed

Answer 36

represent women, laborers and address their issues. Most unions excluded working women.

Question 37

Why did early labor unions fail

Answer 37

used confrontation and violence, many courts against them;frequent strikes, blacklisting, and fighting 4 too many changes at one time lead to failure