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Heme > WBCs > Flashcards

WBCs Flashcards

1
Q

What is CCR5

A

A protein on the surface of white blood cells that is involved in the immune system (acts as a receptor for chemokines)

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2
Q

Many forms of HIV initially use what to enter and infect host cells

A

CCR5

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3
Q

What is CXCR4

A

An alpha-chemokine receptor specific for stromal-derived-factor-1, a molecule endowed with potent chemotactic activity for lymphocytes.

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4
Q

This receptor is one of several chemokine receptors that HIV can use to infect CD4+ T cells. HIV isolates that use this receptor are traditionally known as T-cell tropic isolates. Typically, these viruses are found late in infection. It is unclear as to whether the emergence of HIV that uses this receptor is a consequence or a cause of immunodeficiency.

A

CXCR4

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5
Q

What is CD4

A

A glycoprotein found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

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6
Q

The most common and pathogenic strain of the HIV

A

HIV-1 (class D retrovirus)

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7
Q

Form of HIV that has not been widely seen outside of Africa

A

HIV-2 (class D retrovirus)

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8
Q

A virus that has been implicated in several kinds of diseases including myelopathy, Strongyloides stercoralis hyper-infection, and a virus cancer link for leukemia

A

HTLV-1 (class C retrovirus)

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9
Q

Has not been clearly linked to any disease, but has been associated with several cases of myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis-like neurological disease.

A

HTLV-2 (class C retrovirus)

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10
Q

P24

A

A component of the HIV particle capsid. There are approximately 2000 molecules per virus particle

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11
Q

provirus

A

A virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell

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12
Q

A large group or cloud of related genotypes that exist in an environment of high mutation rate, where a large fraction of offspring are expected to contain one or more mutations relative to the parent.

A

quasispecies

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13
Q

This is a part or region of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus that allows it to infect human immune cells by binding to a cytokine receptor on the target human immune cell (CCR5 cell or CXCR4 cell depending on the strain of HIV)

A

gp120 (V3 loop?)

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14
Q

Causes human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) through infection and transformation of T lymphocytes.

A

HTLV -I (class C retrovirus)

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15
Q

MOA: HTLV -I (class C retrovirus)

A

Production of viral protein (TAX) which increases transcription from viral promoter (LTR) as well as from some cellular genes

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16
Q

Transmission: sexual, contaminated blood products and maternal-fetal (perinatal; breast milk). latent period of at least 30 years.

A

HTLV -I (class C retrovirus)

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17
Q

A shorter more aggressive clinical course. high white blood cell counts with malignant appearing cells, frequent skin lesions, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, lytic bone lesions. Caused by HTLV -I

A

Acute Adult T-cell Lymphoma (ATL)

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18
Q

Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HTLV associated myelopathy)

A

Progressive destruction in spinal cord. Pathogenesis believed to be associated with chronic inflammatory response

19
Q

Insidious onset usually in males > 50 years; prognosis of 3-5 years; infiltration of bone marrow and spleen by disease-specific cells of either T or B cell origin. Patients have severe pancytopenia, massive splenomegaly, and infections; death related to infection or consequences of organ infiltration.

A

Hairy-cell leukemia

20
Q

Hairy-cell leukemia has equivocal ties to what

A

HTLV-2 (class C retrovirus)

21
Q

Transmission: HIV

A

Primarily through internal exposure to body fluids or secretions carrying released virus or cell-associated virus. High risk fluids include semen and vaginal/cervical secretions, blood, plasma/serum, breast milk. may take between 1-2 weeks to establishinfection

22
Q

T-helper lymphocytes that become infected with virus will support virus replication and will be lysed. Monocytes/macrophages, Langerhans cells, dendritic follicle cells will take up virus. Not all strains of virus will replicate in these cells. Cells that don’t support viral replication may act as reservoirs and disseminate the virus.

A

HIV (class D retrovirus)

23
Q

Infected can develop ATL (1-4% of infected) or HAM/TSP (1-4% of infected). May also be associated with immunosuppression during co-infection with S. stercoralis

A

HTLV-1 (class C retrovirus)

24
Q

Usually very long incubation time until disease. Transformed CD4+, CD8- T-cells predominantly. Also transforms B cell and bone marrow precursors. Acute onset is more severe. Risk is higher in men

A

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL)

25
Q

Incidence is higher in women. Onset around 40 yrs from exposure to disease. Progressive degeneration of spinal cord (T region). Faster progression to paralysis in older people. Disease may be immune-mediated. Caused by HTLV-1

A

Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HTLV associated myelopathy)

26
Q

What binds CD4, triggering a conformational change that draws the HIV virus closer to the surface of the cell

A

Gp120 (V3 loop?)

27
Q

Once gp120 has bound CD4, what binds to CCR5 or CXCR4 to facilitate HIV entry into the cell

A

Again Gp120 (V3 loop?)

28
Q

What facilitates fusion of the HIV virus and the cell

A

The peptide portion of the gp41 stalk

29
Q

In order for HIV to gain entry to a cell, what must be on that cell’s surface

A

CD4 and a co-receptor (CCR5 or CXCR4)

30
Q

CCR5 is commonly found on what cells

A

Cells with a macrophage or dendritic origin and usually found on mucosal surfaces

31
Q

CXCR4 is commonly found on what cells

A

Lymphocytes

32
Q

Which HIV virus will infect CD4-CCR5 cells

A

M-tropic virus

33
Q

Which HIV virus will infect CD4-CXCR4 cells

A

T-tropic virus

34
Q

Acute stage HIV infection

A

Rash. Peak virus replication. Establishment of reservoirs (first reservoir is gut lymphoid tissue)

35
Q

Intermediate stage HIV infection

A

8-9 yr period. Low levels of virus replication. Known as clinical latency

36
Q

Late stage HIV infection

A

When most people get diagnosed. Severe drop in CD4 count

37
Q

Infected individual carries many variants of virus because

A

HIV reverse transcriptase is very error prone

38
Q

What 2 key proteins are found on the surface of HIV

A

The fusion protein gp41 (transmembrane component) and surface attachment protein gp120 (extracellular component) are located on the HIV envelope.

39
Q

What is P17

A

The HIV matrix protein

40
Q

What is p24

A

The HIV capsid protein

41
Q

What is located inside the capsid of the HIV virus

A

2 identical RNA copies of the genome with nucleocapsid proteins attached

42
Q

Type D viruses

A

Have a cone shaped capsid/core structure (HIV-1&2)

43
Q

Type C viruses

A

Have a hexagonal capsid/core structure (HTLV-1&2)

Heme (7 decks)

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