Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PoD > TumourPath > Flashcards

TumourPath Flashcards

1
Q

Type of tumour

A
  • Benign

- Malignant. Ability to invade into adjacent tissue and to metastasise and and grow at other sites within body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nomenclature of epithelium tumours

A
  • Glandular:
    Benign: adenoma and malignant: adeno-carcinoma
  • Squamous:
    Benign: squamous papilloma and malignant: squamous carcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nomenclature of connective tissue tumours

A
  • Bone
    Benign: osteoma, malignant: osteo-sarcoma
  • Fat
    Benign: lipoma, malignant: lipo-sarcoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nomenclature of blood tumours

A
  • cells, not vessels

- Malignant: white blood cells, leukaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nomenclature of lymphoid tissue tumours

A

Malignant: lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nomenclature of neural tissue tumours

A
  • Central nervous system: astrocytoma

- Peripheral nervous system: Schwannoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nomenclature of germ cell tumours

A
  • Teratomas:
    Tumour composed of various tissues
  • Ovarian, benign
  • Testicular, malignant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Main features of benign tumours

A
  • Non-invasive growth pattern
  • Usually encapsulated
  • No evidence of invasion
  • No mets
  • Cells similar to normal
  • Tumours ‘well differentiated’
  • Function similar to normal tissue
  • Rarely cause death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Main features of malignant tumours

A
  • Invasive growth pattern
  • No capsule or capsule breached by tumour cells
  • Cells abnormal
  • Cancer are often poorly differentiated, don’t look anything like cells around it
  • Loss of normal function
  • Evidence of spread of cancer
  • Can cause death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Properties of cancer cells

A
  • Altered genetics
  • Altered cellular function (tumour related proteins and loss of function)
  • Abnormal morphology
  • Cells capable of independent growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Altered genetics of cancer cells

A
  • Loss of tumour suppressor genes

- Gain of function of oncogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can tumour biomarkers be used for?

A

You can pick up tumour-related proteins and used these for screening, diagnosis, prognosis and predictive (using a particular therapy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Onco-fetal proteins examples

A
  • Alpha-fetoprotein: teratoma of testis, hepatocellular carcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Oncogenes

A
  • Kras: colorectal cancer. (know for treatment type)

- Braf: melanoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Growth factors and receptors and what cancer they’re related to

A
  • Oestrogen receptor - predictive biomarker: breast cancer
  • Prostate specific antigen: prostate cancer
  • EGFR: lung cancer
  • Her2 (EGFR related protein): Breast cancer and gastric cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Loss of cellular function in cancer cells

A
  • Loss of cell-to-cell adhesion

- Altered cell-to-matric adhesion

17
Q

Abnormal morphology

A
  • Balance between cell growth and cell death
  • Angiogenesis vs. apoptosis
  • Angiogenesis is a route for release of tumour cells into circulation
  • Apoptosis regulates cell growth
    Angiogenesis is in favour in cancer
18
Q

Types of cancer spread

A
  • Local
  • Lymphatic
  • Blood spread
  • Transcoelomic spread (thorax and abdo)
19
Q

Local spread of cancer

A
  • Malignant tumour spreads locallt and ends up in lymph or blood vessels
20
Q

Lymphatic spread of cancer

A
  • Tumour cells adhere to lymph vessels and invade the lymphatics
  • Mets in lymph node, divide and grow
  • This is when it becomes clinically evident
21
Q

Blood spread of cancer

A
  • Same concept as lymphatic
  • Invade blood vessels, invade the tissue
  • Metastasise, can line vascular endothelium if it is conducive to growth
22
Q

Trans-coelomic spread

A
  • Spread in body cavities, special form of local invasion
23
Q

What influences where they metastasise to?

A
  • blood flood
  • tumour related factors
  • host factors
24
Q

Common sites of metastasis

A
  • Liver (CRC)
  • Lung
  • Brain
  • Bone: axial skeleton (breast, prostate)
  • Adrenal gland
25
Q

Local effects of benign tumours

A
  • Pressure: can apply pressure to adjacent groups
  • Obstruction: intestinal or urinal tract
  • You can get pressure effects causing an obstruction
26
Q

Local effects of malignant tumours

A
  • Pressure
  • Obstruction
  • Tissue destruction: ulceration/infection. If exposed to microorganisms, you can get a secondary infection
  • Bleeding: anaemia or haemorrhage
  • Pain: pressure on nerves, perineural infiltration, bone pain in pathological fractures
  • Effects of treatment
27
Q

Systemic effects of cancer

A
  • Secretion of hormones
  • Weight loss: cachexia
  • Paraneoplastic syndromes
  • Effects of treatment
28
Q

Secretion of hormones

A
  • Normal: if tumour is in endocrine organs then it has an abnormal control of secretion
  • Abnormal: hormones not normally produced at site. Can be useful in diagnosing lung cancer
29
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

A
  • fever, myopathy, neuropathy
  • Can present with these symptoms rather than direct symptoms of cancer
  • could be immune mechanism or production of hormone factor
30
Q

Dysplasia

A
  • Pre-malignant change on pathway to the development of cancer.
  • Abnormality in cell structure that leads to malignancy
  • Earliest change in the process of malignancy that can be visualised
  • Identified in the epithelium
  • Has the capability of becoming cancer
31
Q

Features of dyplasia

A
  • Disorganisation of cells: increase in nuclear size, increased mitotic activity, abnormal mitoses
  • The higher that grade, the higher possibility of malignancy
  • No invasion
32
Q

Early detection of cancer

A
  • Need an effective test
  • Has to be sensitive/specific
  • Acceptable to population
  • Example: detection dysplastic cells from squamous epithelium of cervix

PoD (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions