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Biology > Year 10 > Flashcards

Year 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are essential for life?

A 
Oxygen
Water
Food 
Warmth
Shelter
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2
Q

What is food needed for?

A

Respiration
Growth/repair
Insulation/warmth
Prevent deficiency diseases

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3
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

CO2+Water—>Glucose+Oxygen

Between arrow-Light Energy+Chlorophyll

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4
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

When all the components of a healthy diet are there in the correct proportions

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5
Q

Where does all energy come from?

A

Sun

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6
Q

What are complex carbohydrates?

A

Sugary foods/Starchy foods-Fizzy drinks or potatoes/rice/bread/pasta(Fibre+Starch)

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7
Q

What are simple carbohydrates?

A

Potatoes(Glucose)

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8
Q

What are carbohydrates used for?

A

Energy

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9
Q

Describe Protein

A

Used for growth and repair

Dairy produce,red meat,fish,chicken

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10
Q

Describe Saturated Fat

A

Unsaturated is healthier
Used for energy store and insulation
Butter,cream,oils

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11
Q

Describe Fibre

A

Used to prevent constipation

Fruit,vegetables,brown rice,cereals

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12
Q

Describe Water

A

Used to allow chemical reactions to take place

Most foods

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13
Q

Describe Vitamin C

A

Used to prevent Scurvy

Citrus fruits

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14
Q

Describe Vitamin D

A

Used to prevent Ricochets

Sun,Fish liver oils

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15
Q

Describe Calcium

A

Used to keep bones and teeth healthy

Dairy produce

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16
Q

Describe Iron

A

Used to carry oxygen around the body+prevent anaemia

Red meat,green vegetables

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17
Q

What is anaemia?

A

When there isn’t enough haemoglobin in the blood

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18
Q

What is Starvation?

A

When someone doesn’t have enough food to maintain proper body functions,eventually leads to death

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19
Q

What is Malnutrition?

A

The lack of sufficient nutritions to maintain healthy body functions

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20
Q

Describe a test for starch

A

Add Iodine.If starch is present colour will change yellow/brown to blue/black.POTATO

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21
Q

Describe a test for Protein

A

Add Biurret. If protein is present the colour will change from blue to lilac.MEAT

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22
Q

Describe a test for Sugar

A

Add Benedict’s.Then heat in water bath.If sugar is present the colour will change from blue to brick red.BAG OF SUGAR

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23
Q

Describe a test for Vitamin C

A

Add DCPIP. If Vitamin C is present the colour will change from blue to colourless/pink.CITRUS FRUITS

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24
Q

Where does ingestion happen and what is it?

A

Mouth

Taking food into the mouth

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25
Q

Where does digestion happen and what is it?

A

Stomach

The breaking down of large molecules into smaller soluble one to be absorbed into the bloodstream

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26
Q

Where does absorption happen and what is it?

A

Small intestine

Liquid food passes through the gut wall into the bloodstream

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27
Q

Where does assimilation happen and what is it?

A

Liver cells

Occurs when cells take in food and use it for energy,growth and repair

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28
Q

Where does egestion happen and what is it?

A

Anus

When fibre and other indigestible material passes through the anus

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29
Q

Describe digestion in the mouth

A

Teeth ground food to a pulp(Mechanical digestion)

The mouth becomes full of saliva that which breaks down the food

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30
Q

What are saliva’s two main functions

A

Mucus moistens the food so it slides down the throat
easier

Saliva contains the enzyme amylase which breaks down the starch into glucose

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31
Q

Describe swallowing

A

The tongue makes to food into a ball called bolus

Food passes through oesophagus to stomach

To help food move there is a wave of muscles that contraction so food moves downwards(Peristalsis)

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32
Q

What is the Stomach?

A

A muscular bag that produces three important substances

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33
Q

Describe what happens in the Stomach

A

Mucus-Protects the wall of the stomach

A Protease-A protein digesting enzyme

Hydrochloric acid-Produces right pH for enzymes to work.

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34
Q

How does the food get mixed in the Stomach?

A

The stomach muscles squeeze+ relax mixing the food.Food then released a little at a time into the small intestine.

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35
Q

Describe what happens in the Small Intestine

A

Liquids mix with the food:
Enzymes from the pancreas digest food and starch,protein,fat

Bile from the liver:Turns fat into tiny droplets and neutralises stomach acid

Enzymes from intestine wall

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36
Q

What happens when fat is emulsified?

A

It is broken up into tiny droplets so the enzymes have more surface area to cover

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37
Q

What are the main components of a diet?

What happens during absorption in the Small Intestine

A

Carbohydrates,protein and fat.Are large complex molecules which can’t pass through small pores of intestine wall

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38
Q

What are Enzymes?

What happens during absorption in the Small Intestine

A

Biological catalyst that help large insoluble compounds break down into smaller,soluble molecules.

39
Q

Name the enzyme and the breakdown product of Carbohydrates/Starch

A

Enzyme-Amylase

Breakdown product-Glucose

40
Q

Name the enzyme and the breakdown product of Protein

A

Enzyme-Protease

Breakdown product-Amino Acids

41
Q

Name the enzyme and the breakdown product of Fat

A

Enzyme-Lipase

Breakdown product-Glycerol+fatty Acids

42
Q

During the model gut experiment what happens to the Glucose?

A

It will diffuse out of the tubing into the water because its molecules are small enough to pass through

43
Q

During the model gut experiment what happens to the Starch?

A

It won’t diffuse because its molecules are too large to pass through

44
Q

What do you used to test for Starch?

A

Iodine

45
Q

What do you used to test for Glucose?

A

Benedict’s

46
Q

During the effect of amylase experiment what happened without Amylase?

A

Starch wasn’t present but glucose was because its molecules had passed through the tubing

47
Q

During the effect of amylase experiment what happened with Amylase?

A

It broke down the starch molecules into simpler glucose molecules which passed through the tubing

48
Q

Describe what happens in the Large Intestine

A

The small intestine food is very liquid so food moves easily along the narrow tubes.When food enters large intestine water is reabsorbed to form a semi-solid material called faeces

49
Q

Describe what happens in the Rectum

A

Faeces moved along by muscular contractions in large intestine+is stored in a short section of gut called rectum.

50
Q

Describe what happens in the Liver

A

Assimilation-Small soluble products build up into larger useful products that are stored/used for growth+repair

51
Q

Describe neutralisation+Emulsification

A

Bile(Alkali) neutralises stomach acid+breaks down fat globules into smaller droplets

52
Q

What is Gas Exchange?

A

The exchange of oxygen and Carbon dioxide at the Alveolus. Necessary for respiration to take place

53
Q

What are four features that make the alveolus great at Gas exchange?

A

Large surface area:Presence of million of alveoli means a large surface area for gas exchange
Thin:2 cell layer separating air in the alveoli from blood in the capillaries
Moist:Thin layer of moisture lining the alveolus diffuses the oxygen before it passes across
Well supplied with blood

54
Q

Name some features of the alveolus

A

Red blood cell
Wall of blood Capillary
Wall of alveolus(1 cell thick so shorter diffusion distance)
Layer of moisture lining the alveolus(Makes gas diffusion easier)

55
Q

Name some parts of the respiratory system

A 
Nasal Cavity
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Trachea
Alveolus
Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles
Pleural Membrane
Ribs
56
Q

During the inhale/exhale experiment which test tube turns cloudy?

A

Test tube B because there is 100x more Carbon Dioxide in exhaled air than in atmospheric air

57
Q

What happens to the Intercostal muscles during inhalation and exhalation?

A

In-Contract

Ex-Relax

58
Q

What happens to the Ribs and sternum during inhalation and exhalation?

A

In-Move up and out

Ex-Move down and in

59
Q

What happens to the Diaphragm muscles during inhalation and exhalation?

A

In-Contract

Ex-Relax

60
Q

What happens to the Diaphragm position during inhalation and exhalation?

A

In-Flattened

Ex-Domed

61
Q

What happens to the Volume of thorax during inhalation and exhalation?

A

In-Increased

Ex-Decreased

62
Q

What happens to the Pressure in thorax during inhalation and exhalation?

A

In-Decrease

Ex-Increase

63
Q

What happens to the Direction of air flow during inhalation and exhalation?

A

In-In

Ex-Out

64
Q

Describe the passage of air

A

IN-Trachea–>Bronchus–>Bronchiole–>

alveoli–>Bronchiole–>Bronchus–>Trachea-OUT

65
Q

What is respiration?

A

The release of energy in living cells at the mitochondria

66
Q

What is the equation for respiration?

A

Glucose+Oxygen–>Energy+Water+Carbon Dioxide

67
Q

Describe a Red blood cell

A

Biconcave disc
No nucleus
Large surface area
Carries oxygen around the body

68
Q

Describe a White blood cell

A

Large cell with a nucleus
Fights disease
Lymphocyte produces antibodies
Phagocyte engulf and digest bacteria

69
Q

Describe Platelets

A

Bits of broken cells
Prevent infection
Clot to stop bleeding

70
Q

Describe Plasma

A

Blood cells float in a straw coloured liquid called plasma

Consists of water and many other dissolved substances required in the body

71
Q

Describe Arteries

A 
Carry blood AWAY from heart
Very thick walls
Lots of muscle and elastic tissue
No valves
High pressure
72
Q

Describe Veins

A

Carries blood INTO heart
Thin walls
Valves
Low pressure

73
Q

Describe Capillaries

A

Carries blood from small arteries to small veins
1 cell thick
Leaky to allows exchange of substances with tissues
No valves
Pressure drops quickly as fluid enters tissue

74
Q

Describe Aorta

A

Main artery

Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

75
Q

Describe Pulmonary Artery

A

Carries oxygenated blood to lungs

76
Q

Describe Vena Cava

A

Main vein

Carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart

77
Q

Describe Pulmonary Vein

A

Corries oxygenated blood to the heart

78
Q

Describe Left Ventricle

A

Thick muscle wall to pump blood around the whole body

79
Q

Describe Right Ventricle

A

Thinner muscle wall to pump blood to nearby lungs

80
Q

Describe Septum

A

Separates the left and right side of the heart

81
Q

What are the blood vessels in the heart?

A

Coronary Artery

Coronary Vein

82
Q

What are the Coronary Vessels function?

A

To carry oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. These branch of the large vessel the Aorta

83
Q

Describe the Earthworms systems

A

Gas exchange:All over body

How blood is pumped:5 blood vessels in the head contract to push blood along

84
Q

Describe the Fish’s systems

A

Gas exchange:Gills
Chambers in the heart:2(1 Atrium+1 Ventricle)
Times blood goes through the heart on 1 circuit:Once
Why is it better than the last:The heart carries blood further rather than relying on blood vessels

85
Q

Describe the Frog’s systems

A

Gas exchange:Lungs
Chambers in the heart:3(2 Atrium+1 Ventricle)
Times blood goes through the heart on 1 circuit:Twice
Why is it better than the last:More chambers more efficient

86
Q

Describe the Bird’s systems

A

Gas exchange:Lungs
Chambers in the heart:4(2 Atrium+ 2 Ventricles)
Times blood goes through the heart on 1 circuit:Twice
Why is it better than the last:Deoxygenated and oxygenated blood are separate

87
Q

Where is your Radial Pulse?

A

Wrist

88
Q

Where is your Carotid Pulse?

A

Neck

89
Q

What increase your Heart rate?

A

Exercise:Increase to get more oxygen around the body
Anxiousness;Adrenaline causes blood to pump faster
Caffeine:Stimulates heart

90
Q

Name some reasons why you can’t give blood

A

Piercing
Anaemic
Disease
Recently travelled out of the country

91
Q

When would you need extra blood?

A

Serious anaemia,newborn babies,sickle cell disease

92
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

When bloods flows through the heart twice on one complete circuit of the body

93
Q

What happens during a heart attack?

A

The coronary artery becomes blocked by cholesterol restricting the blood flow which contains glucose+oxygen to the heart muscles which start to die causing a heart attack

Biology (4 decks)

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