Chapter 2

Question 1

Research whose goals are to enlarge the understanding of naturally occurring events and to find solutions to practical problems.

Answer 1

applied research

Question 2

Research whose goal is to increase the understanding of human behavior, often by testing hypotheses based on a theory.

Answer 2

basic research

Question 3

A procedure in which research participants are (falsely) led to believe that their responses will be verified by an infallible lie-detector.

Answer 3

bogus pipeline technique

Question 4

Accomplice of an experimenter who, in dealing with the real participants in an experiment, acts as if he or she is also a participant.

Answer 4

confederate

Question 5

The extent to which the measures used in a study measure the variables they were designed to measure and the manipulations in an experiment manipulate the variables they were designed to manipulate.

Answer 5

construct validity

Question 6

A statistical measure of the strength and direction of the association between two variables.

Answer 6

correlation coefficient

Question 7

Research designed to measure the association between variables that are not manipulated by the researcher.

Answer 7

correlational research

Question 8

A disclosure, made to participants after research procedures are completed, in which the researcher explains the purpose of the research, attempts to resolve any negative feelings, and emphasizes the scientific contribution made by the participants? involvement.

Answer 8

debriefing

Question 9

In the context of research, a method that provides false information to participants.

Answer 9

deception

Question 10

In an experiment, a factor that experimenters measure to see if it is affected by the independent variable.

Answer 10

dependent variable

Question 11

A form of research that can demonstrate causal relationships because (1) the experimenter has control over the events that occur and (2) participants are randomly assigned to conditions.

Answer 11

experiment

Question 12

The degree to which experimental procedures are involving to participants and lead them to behave naturally and spontaneously.

Answer 12

experimental realism

Question 13

The effects produced when an experimenter?s expectations about the results of an experiment affect his or her behavior toward a participant and thereby influence the participant?s responses.

Answer 13

experimenter expectancy effects

Question 14

The degree to which there can be reasonable confidence that the results of a study would be obtained for other people and in other situations.

Answer 14

external validity

Question 15

A testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur.

Answer 15

hypothesis

Question 16

In an experiment, a factor that experimenters manipulate to see if it affects the dependent variable.

Answer 16

independent variable

Question 17

An individual?s deliberate, voluntary decision to participate in research, based on the researcher?s description of what will be required during such participation.

Answer 17

informed consent

Question 18

The degree to which there can be reasonable certainty that the independent variables in an experiment caused the effects obtained on the dependent variables.

Answer 18

internal validity

Question 19

The degree to which different observers agree on their observations.

Answer 19

interrater reliability

Question 20

A set of statistical procedures used to review a body of evidence by combining the results of individual studies to measure the overall reliability and strength of particular effects.

Answer 20

meta-analysis

Question 21

The degree to which the experimental situation resembles places and events in the real world.

Answer 21

mundane realism

Question 22

The specific procedures for manipulating or measuring a conceptual variable.

Answer 22

operational definition

Question 23

A method of assigning participants to the various conditions of an experiment so that each participant in the experiment has an equal chance of being in any of the conditions.

Answer 23

random assignment

Question 24

A method of selecting participants for a study so that everyone in a population has an equal chance of being in the study.

Answer 24

random sampling

Question 25

A variable that characterizes pre-existing differences among the participants in a study.

Answer 25

subject variable

Question 26

An organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena.

Answer 26

theory