Definitions

Question 1

Epigenetics

Answer 1

Preference changes in the expression of genes that are already present, that bring about change in a bahaviour

Question 2

Broad sense heritability

Answer 2

Proportion of variance in phenotype due to genetic variation

Question 3

H2 = (VG/(VG+VE)

Answer 3

Broad sense heritability (VG= Genotype variance, VE= Environmental variance)

Question 4

Narrow sense heritability

Answer 4

Proportion of total phenotypic variation that is due to the additive effects of genes

Question 5

H2 = (VA/(VA+VE)

Answer 5

narrow sense heritability

Question 6

Central DOGMA

Answer 6

The genetic flow of information from DNA, to mRNA, to proteins.

Question 7

Genome

Answer 7

Entirety of an organism’s hereditary information

Question 8

Exon

Answer 8

Coding region of a gene

Question 9

Intron

Answer 9

Region of a gene that is not translated into proteins

Question 10

Intergenic regions

Answer 10

“junk DNA” between genes; some regulatory functions

Question 11

1) Replication

Answer 11

1st stage of protein synthesis: where DNA replicates into 2 identical copies

Question 12

2) Transcription

Answer 12

2nd stage of protein synthesis: Making a complementary RNA copy of a DNA sequence (U replaces T)

Question 13

3) Translation

Answer 13

3rd stage of protein synthesis: amino acid chain created from mRNA

Question 14

2a) Splicing

Answer 14

Removes introns and joins exons during protein synthesis

Question 15

Horizontal memory

Answer 15

Cells made for your own body

Question 16

Vertical momory

Answer 16

Cells inter-generationally transferred

Question 17

Chromatin

Answer 17

complex form of DNA and protein in eukaryotes

Question 18

Histones

Answer 18

Major proteins, highly alkaline

Question 19

Euchromatin

Answer 19

lightly packed form of DNA

Question 20

Heterochromatin

Answer 20

tightly packed form of DNA; repetitive with few coding regions

Question 21

Genomic Imprinting

Answer 21

Silencing of one parental copy of DNA

Question 22

X-Silencing

Answer 22

Turning off expression of 1 X-Chromosome to prevent double quantities

Question 23

Catch-Up Growth

Answer 23

Poor childhood growth and then a better boom can worsen condition

Question 24

The 1992 Thrifty Phenotype Hypothesis

Answer 24

Cutting corners allow offspring to survive there and then; right here right now approach

Question 25

Predictive Adaptive Response

Answer 25

Environment is acting on early development, with phenotypic consequences beneficial for future reproduction
Survival advantage in predicted reproductive environment

Question 26

Plasticity

Answer 26

Ability to generate multiple phenotypes from a single genotype

Question 27

Developmental Pasticity

Answer 27

Irrepareable change in phenotype depending on early development (liver cells stay as liver cells)

Question 28

Behavioural plasticity

Answer 28

Interchangeable phenotypes that aren’t ‘stuck’

Question 29

Neoteny

Answer 29

Somatic growth is slowed (adult in child’s body)

Question 30

Progenesis

Answer 30

Hastened reproductive development (Normal growth, early reproductive organs)

Question 31

Heterochrony

Answer 31

Change in the time of key events in your development

Question 32

The Modern Synthesis

Answer 32

Life evolves through evolution by natural selection (Huxley 1942)

Question 33

Genetic assimilation

Answer 33

introduction of beneficial genes into existing selection on phenotypes.
Arises through developmental canalization (selection on a single outcome)