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Physics And Math Flashcards

1
Q

Molecular theory of matter

A

States that matter is made of minute particles called molecules that exists in liquid, solid, and gaseous states

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2
Q

Kinetic theory of matter

A

Molecules are in constant random motion and have a degree of attraction between them called van der waals forces

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3
Q

Critical temperature

A

Temp above which a gas cant be liquefied regardless of how much pressure is applied

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4
Q

Avogadros hypothesis

A

If you have 2 diff containers containing 2 diff gases at same temp and pressure then they contain same number of molecules

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5
Q

One mole is what

A

One gram multiplied by molecular weight

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6
Q

One mole occupies what volume

A

22.4 l

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7
Q

Calibration of vaporizers done using what

A

Avogadros hypothesis. Sevo weighs 200, so 200g sevo is 1 mol and occupies 22.4 l

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8
Q

Bowles law

A

PV

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9
Q

Charles law

A

V/T

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10
Q

Bowles law

A

Volume of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the pressure

V= 1/P

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11
Q

Application of Boyles law

A

Reservoir bag. Applying pressure causes volume to decrease

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12
Q

How boyles law applies to spontaneous breathing and bellows

A

When intrapulmonary pressure becomes negative, intrapulmonary volume increases

As pressure increases the volume in the bellows decreases

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13
Q

Charles law

A

Volume is directly proportional to temperatiure.

V/T (kelvin)

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14
Q

Gay lussacs law

A

At a constant volume the pressure of a gas sample is directly proportional to the kelvin temperature

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15
Q

Application of gay lussacs law

Full cylinder moved from 70 to 100 degrees f. What happens to p

A

P increases

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16
Q

Constants for the gas laws

A

Pressure, charles
Temperature, boyles
Volume, guy lussacs

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17
Q

How ideal gas law applies to cylinders

A

As compressed gas empties, pressure falls. Cylinder has constant vol, the moles decreases as gas exits, so pressure decreases

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18
Q

Daltons law

A

Total pressure of a gas in a mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each gas

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19
Q

Daltons law states that in a mix of gases the pressure of each is gas ____ as what it would exert if it alone occupied the container

A

Same

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20
Q

What is ficks law of diffusion

A

rate of diffusion of substance across a membrane is r/t: concentration gradient, surface area of a membrane, solubility, thickness of membrane, molecular weight

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21
Q 
How diffusion r/t:
Concentration gradient
Surface area
Solubility 
Thickness of membrane 
Molecular weight
A 
Directly 
Directly
Directly
Inversely 
Inversely
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22
Q

Vgas=

A

Area x solubility x partial pressure difference
/
Molecular weight x distance

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23
Q

Clinical applications of ficks law

A

2nd gas effect
Uptake of high vol n20 concentrates remaining 2nd gas
Diffusion hypoxia

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24
Q

What is 2nd gas effect

A

High inspired conc of n20 accelerates uptake of a companion gas (ficks law)

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25
How ficks law r/t concentration
Uptake of high volumes of n20 concentrates the remaining 2nd gas
26
Diffusion hypoxia
Diffusion of gases across the alveolo capillary membrane
27
How ficks law r/t transfer of air pockets, ett cuff, and drug transfer
1. When n20 in use, 34x more soluble in blood than n2, vol n20 in > than n out 2. Ett cuff expands when n20 in use 3. Placental transfer of drugs and o2
28
Grahams law
A gas diffuses at a rate that's inversely proportional to sq root of its molecular weight
29
As molecular weight increases what happens to diffusion
Decreases
30
What is Henry's law
Amt of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in contact w the solution
31
Constants for co2 and o2
``` O2= .003 ml/100mlblood/mmHg partial pressure CO2= .067ml/100mlblood/mmHg partial pressure ```
32
How do you estimate pao2 using Henry's law
Multiply fio2 by 5
33
Critical temp
Temp above which a substance goes into gaseous form in spite of how much pressure is applied
34
A gas cant be liquefied if ambient t is ___ than critical temp
Greater
35
A gas can be liquified if sufficient ___ applied at ambient temp ___ the critical temp
Pressure, below
36
Critical temp of 02
-119 degree c
37
O2 cant be liquified at __ __ no matter how much pressure applied
Room temp
38
A gas can be liquified if sufficient pressure applied at ambient temp ____ critical temp
Below
39
Critical temp n20
39.5 degree c
40
Temp of n20 at room temp
25 degree c
41
Pressure ___ be applied to liquefy n2o at room temp
Can
42
What is adiabatic cooling
Occurs when matter changes phase. Implies change in temp of matter w/o gain or loss of heat
43
What applies to n20 cylinder regarding adiabatic cooling
When n20 opened fully frost can form at outlet due to cooling
44
Joule thompson effect and example
Expansion of a gas causes cooling As gas leaves a cylinder the expansion cools surrounding air causing condensation on cylinder
45
What is poiseuilles law applied w laminar flow
Relationship of rate of flow and: pressure gradient across length of tube (direct), radius^4 of the tube (d), length of tube (inverse), viscosity of fluid (i)
46
Poisuilles eqn
``` Q (flow) = pi x r^4 x change P / 8 n (viscosity) x l (length of tube) ```
47
What does poisuilles law apply to
Iv flow (large bore) Airways (large ett_ Vascular flow (polycythemia and anemia) Thorpe tubes- at low flows
48
Viscosity
Determinant of flow when flow is laminar (low flow rate)
49
How does density impact flow
When flow is turbulent. Density= mass/vol. determines rate of flow in flow meters when rate of gas flow high through variable orifice flow meter. Ex Helios
50
How to calc reynolds number
Velocity x density x diameter / Viscosity
51
When reynolds flow = turbulent
Greater than 2000
52
Thorpe tube determinants
At low flows- annular orifice tubular- flow governed by viscosity At high flows- wider top of float- more of an orifice- density governs flow
53
Factors that change flow from laminar to turbulent
Increased velocity Bend >20 degrees Irregularity in tube
54
Bernoullis theorem relates what
Pressure and velocity. Lateral wall pressure is least at pt of greatest constriction and speed is greatest. Flow faster through constricted pts, slower at wider pts
55
Narrow diameter= __ lateral wall pressure= __ speed
Decreased | Increased
56
Wider diameter= __ lateral wall pressure = __ speed
Increased, | Decreased
57
How bernoulli relates to venturi tubes
As fluid goes through narrow pts, velocity increases, pressure drops Velocity of fluid can be found by measuring pressure
58
3 ex of bernoulli in constricted tube with subatmospheric p and sidearm used to aspirate fluid
Nebulizers Venturi o2 masks (24-40% o2) Jet ventilation
59
What is beers law | Beer part
Absorption of radiation by a given thickness of a solution of a given concentration is the same as 2x the thickness of a solution 1/2 the concentration (beer)
60
What is lambert part of beers law
Each layer of equal thickness absorbs an equal fraction of the radiation that passes through it
61
How pulse ox works
2 led lights. One red emits 660 nm light (detects deoxyhgb). One infrared emits light at 940 nm (oxyhgb). Measures absorption
62
Errors in pulse ox
Artifact (ambient light, low perfusion, motion) Alternate species of hgb (carboxy, etc) Polycythemia (no effect) Methylene and Isosulfan (false low) Indocyanide green and indigo carmine (slight decrease) Blue nail polish- low
63
``` How carboxyhgb Methgb Hgbf Hgbs Effect pulse ox ```
False high Sat >85 false low, sat <85 false high No effect No effect
64
Law of la place
Pressure gradient against wall of a sphere or tube/cylinder (vessel, ventricle, alveolus) r/t wall tension directly and radius inversely T= pr
65
Wall tension increases with vessel ___
Radius
66
Applications of la places law
1. Normal alveoli and need for surfactant in expiration 2. Vascular pathology- aneurysm rupture d/t inc wall tension 3. Ventricular vol and work of heart- dilated ventricle has more tension in wall (end diastolic p rises)
67
Ohms law
Resistance that allows one ampere of current to flow under the influence of a potential of one volt W (resistance)= volt (potential) / current (ampere) Or e (volt)= i (amp/current) x r (resistance)
68
Clinical applications of ohms law
Strain gauges in pressure transducers Thermistors
69
4 impacts of electricity in or
1. Metal bed- bleeding- electrical equip- burn risk to pt 2. Macro shock: current thru body from faulty wiring, improper grounding 3. Microshock: current in or near heart from pacing wires or fault of equipment in cardiac cath 4. Electrocautery
70
``` Macroshock s/s from 1 ma 5 10-20 50 100-300 6000 ```
``` Skin tingling Max harmless current Let go source Pain, loc, mechanical injury V fib, resp intact Complete physiologic damage ```
71
Microshock 50-100 ma leads to what
Vfib
72
``` Macroshock Skin tingling Max harmless current Let go source Pain, loc,mechanical injury V fib, resp intact Complete physiologic damage ```
``` 1 ma 5 10-20 50 100-300 6000 ```
73
Microshock | for vfib
50-100 micro amps
74
How to calc 2% lidocaine What it equals How many mg per ml
2 gms in 100 ml | 20 mg 1 ml
75
1% lidocaine | 1 ml= how many mg
1%= 1 gm per 100 ml 1000 mg in 100 ml 10 mg in 1 ml
76
0.75 bupivicaine | How many mg in 1 ml
0.75 g per 100 ml 750 mg in 100 ml 7.5 mg in 1 ml
77
Grams per __ c | 1:100,000 epi
1 g
78
1:100000 epi | Conc in 1 ml
``` 1 g in 100000 ml 1000 mg in 100000 ml 1 mg in 100 ml 1000 mcg in 100 ml 10 mcg in 1 ml ```
79
1:1000 neostigmine = what per ml
1 g 1000 ml 1000 mg in 1000 ml 1 mg per ml
80
Epi 1:10,000 | How many mg per ml
``` 1 g in 10,000 ml 1000 mg in 10,000 ml 1 mg in 10 ml 1000 mcg in 10 ml 100 mcg per ml Or 0.1 mg per ml ```
81
Epi 1:200,000 | How to calc mcg per ml
``` 1 g 200,000 ml 1000 mg per 200,000 ml 1 mg per 200 ml 1000 mcg per 200 ml 10 mcg per 2 ml 5 mcg per ml ```
82
2% lidocaine w epi 1:200,000 | What is in each ml
2%= 2 g per 100 ml 2000 mg per 100 ml= 20 mg per ml 1:200,000 means 1 g per 200,000 ml. 5 mcg per ml

Anesthesia Concepts (12 decks)

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