The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 circulation loops?

A

Pulmonary circulation loop –> through the lungs to oxygenate. Systemic circulation loop –> through the body to oxygenate tissues and receive deoxygenated blood

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2
Q

What is the volume of blood in the body?

A

5L

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3
Q

What has the greatest surface area in the CVS?

A

Capillaries

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4
Q

Where is the majority of the blood found?

A

65% blood in peripheral veins

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5
Q

What is cardiovascular bridging?

A

compression (due to beating heart) of a segment of coronary artery during systole = narrowing that reverses during diastole

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6
Q

In what manner does the heart contract?

A

Contracts in helical manner

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7
Q

What are end arteries?

A

terminal artery that doesn’t have any secondary means of flow/no collateral circulation, if blocked very dangerous = central artery to retina

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8
Q

What is collateral circulation?

A

circulation that develops to bypass occlusion (stenosis) to maintain blood supply

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9
Q

Name the 4 values and the number of valve flaps

A

aortic (3), pulmonary (3), tricuspid (3), mitral (2)

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10
Q

List the stages of cardiac conduction

A

SA node: pacemaker. AV node: momentary pause of conduction at AV so stop simultaneous contraction = AV DELAY. Bundle of his. L/R bundle branch. Purkinje fibres

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11
Q

Where is the apex of the heart anatomically?

A

5th intercostal space

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12
Q

Where do the coronary arties branch from?

A

Aorta

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13
Q

What happens in systole?

A

Left ventricle contraction = BP in aorta to rise To 120mm Hg. Walls of elastic aorta (and other elastic arteries) stretch

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14
Q

What happens in diastole?

A

Aortic semilunar valve closes. Walls of aorta recoil, maintaining pressure on the blood + moving it towards heart + smaller vessels. Pressure drops to 70-80mm Hg

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15
Q

Define the term: capacitor vessel

A

elastic arteries act as pressure reservoir

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16
Q

What are the layers of the vessels?

A

Layers = tunica intima –> tunica media (elastin fibres) –> tunica adventitia

17
Q

What is the main structural difference between arteries and veins?

A

Arteries = thick tunica media. Veins = valves

18
Q

What is the most common site for an aneurysm and why?

A

most common site = intrarenal region of aorta due to drop in elastic fibre level = weaker vessels

19
Q

How does vessel constriction take place?

A

neurotransmitter migrates through outer layer of vessel, reaches tunica media, layer with muscle fibres, cells are depolarised, depolarisation propagates to all cell via gap junctions = contraction

20
Q

What is the name for the band of smooth muscle that adjusts blood flow into capillaries?

A

Precapillary sphincter

21
Q

Where is blood velocity at its lowest and what benefit does this give?

A

Capillaries –> blood velocity is at its lowest = time for gas/nutrient exchange

22
Q

How does venous blood return from the periphery?

A

Calf muscle pumping: skeletal muscle contraction, propagates blood back to heart. At rest: breath in, diaphragm down, intrathoracic pressure goes down, blood rushes to atrium. Valves in veins of lower limbs – no veins in intraabdominal, intrathoracic or neck veins

23
Q

What is heart failure?

A

floppy L ventricle, blood pumped at reduced volume, due to hypertension, coronary arterial diseases, HA, cardiomyopathy = more blood volume in the LV but lower stoke volume

24
Q

What causes pulmonary oedema?

A

LVF, left ventricular failure –> = pulmonary oedema = pooling in the ventricle, goes back into lungs, pressure in the blood vessels increases as volume increases, pressure pushes fluid into alveoli

25
Q

What is starlings law of the heart?

A

Stroke volume of heart goes up in proportion to end diastolic volume = more you fill heart, better it contracts

26
Q

What vessel has the largest diameter?

A

Vein

27
Q

What vessels supply blood to the capillary bed?

A

Metarterioles

28
Q

What is the main structure at the anterior of the heart?

A

R atrium, R ventricle

29
Q

What is the main structure posterior on the heart?

A

L atrium, L ventricle

30
Q

List the order of blood flow around the cardio-respiratory system

A

Superior/Inferior vena cava, right atria, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries, lungs, right and left pulmonary veins, left atria, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, arteries, arterioles, metarterioles, capillaries, post capillary venules, venules, veins –> back to superior/inferior vena cava.

31
Q

What is a healthy BP?

A

120/80