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Biology 1 > animals lecture 18 & 19 > Flashcards

animals lecture 18 & 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Role of gastrovascular cavity in respiration

A

diffusion

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2
Q

Basic components of a circulatory system:

A

circulatory fluid, set of tubes, muscular pump

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3
Q

ex of circulatory fluid

A

blood

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4
Q

set of tubes heart

A

veins/arteries

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5
Q

muscular pump ex

A

heart

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6
Q

have the blood closed at all times within vessels of different size and wall thickness. In this type of system, blood is pumped by a heart through vessels, and does not normally fill body cavities.

A

closed circulatory system

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7
Q

pump blood into a hemocoel with the blood diffusing back to the circulatory system between cells. Blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities, where tissues are surrounded by the blood.

A

open circulatory system

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8
Q

a fluid equivalent to blood in most invertebrates, occupying the hemocoel.

A

hemolymph

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9
Q

little hearts

A

ostia

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10
Q

closed circulatory system is called the

A

cardiovascular system

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11
Q

if you centrifuged blood, (x) would be on the bottom

A

cellular elements

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12
Q

if you centrifuged blood, (x) would be on the top

A

plasma

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13
Q

ceullular elements are made of

A

erthrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

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14
Q

types of leukocytes

A

neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinphil, basophil

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15
Q

parts of plasma

A

water, ions, plasma proteins, substrants transported by blood

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16
Q

leuko-

A

white

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17
Q

cellular elements go to the (x) because

A

bottom because they are big compared to plasma

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18
Q

cellular elements are

A

living

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19
Q

increase for parasitic infection

A

eosinophil

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20
Q

used for coagulation, owund healing and stop flow

A

platelets

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21
Q

called blood because of

A

blood cells

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22
Q

carry blood away from the heart towards capillaries

A

arteries

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23
Q

Return blood to the heart from capillaries

A

veins

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24
Q

2 chambers

A

fishes

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25
Q

3 chambers

A

amphibians

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26
Q

4 chambers

A

reptiles and mammals and birds

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27
Q

breathing through the skin

A

cutaneous

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28
Q

pulmo

A

lungs

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29
Q

dividing wall

A

septum

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30
Q

Significance of having 4 chambers

A

keeps deoxygenated blood from getting to the blood, more purely oxygenated; important because we are more active and have higher metabolism

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31
Q

you can use respiration to measure

A

metabolism

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32
Q

ascending

A

superior

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33
Q

descending

A

inferior

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34
Q

the difference between reptiles and mammals/birds is that

A

reptiles have a right systematic aorta

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35
Q

meaning literally “blood movement” is the study of blood flow or the circulation.

A

haemodynamics

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36
Q

pressure gets higher with (x) tubes

A

smaller

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37
Q

major vein

A

vena cava

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38
Q

decrease of pressure as it goes on because

A

there are so many cappilaries

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39
Q

only way blood gets to cappilaries is throguh

A

the heart pumping

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40
Q

velocity of blood decreases as it reaches the

A

cappilaries

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41
Q

velocity of blood increases as it reaches the

A

veins

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42
Q

surface area makes good

A

respiratory surface

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43
Q

also importrant for respiratory purposes is

A

thin cells

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44
Q

each filament and lamella (x) surface area

A

increase

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45
Q

lots of capillaries or veins and arteries

A

vasculorize

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46
Q

lungs are in

A

ray-finned fish

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47
Q

fish developed lungs

A

first

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48
Q

the fish equivalent of lungs

A

swim bladder

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49
Q

benefits of having a swim bladder attatched to other systems

A

Connected system can use lungs and change the amount of air in and out much faster instead of slow diffusion

50
Q

detatched swim bladder

A

ray finned fish

51
Q

connected swim bladder

A

lungfish

52
Q

Lot more surface area in mammals and reptielws because

A

we have higher metabolism, only respiratory surface

53
Q

because birds have such high metabolism they have

A

one lung and many sacs

54
Q

how bird lungs work

A

Birds have two cycles, first goes to lungs, then next time they breath in it goes to the sacs, then cycle out; they breath in and out at the same time

55
Q

platicidy

A

changes easily/often

56
Q

reduced oxygen

A

hypoxia

57
Q

what happens to some animals with reduced oxygen

A

More surface area to get more oxygen in low oxygen environment
They have extra tissue that goes away that increases surface area, they aren’t actually growing things

58
Q

some animals like salamanders and frogs lost their lungs because

A

Get rid of it so it has big surface area or lower metabolic rate or flat, need inside space for more things, underwater and try to stay at the bottom, brewathing in air can make it move substantially with moving water

59
Q

any of the many tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

A

alveoli

60
Q

there are nerve nets (simplest nervous system) in

A

cnidarians

61
Q

nerve ring and radial nerves

A

echinoderms (sea stars)

62
Q

simplest central nervous system with an eyespot, brain, nerve cord, and transverse nerves is

A

planarian (flatworm)

63
Q

brain, ventral nerve cord, segmented ganglion

A

leech (annelid), insect (arthropod)

64
Q

dendro

A

tree

65
Q

sending signals

A

pre-synaptic

66
Q

recieving signals

A

post-synaptic

67
Q

receive signals from other neurons

A

dendrites

68
Q

transmit signals from other cells

A

axon

69
Q

neurotransmitter that turns on

A

excitatory

70
Q

neurotransmitter that keeps from turning on

A

inhibatory

71
Q

cns stands for

A

central nervous system

72
Q

the central nervous system includes

A

brain and spinal cord

73
Q

pns stands for

A

peripheral nervous system

74
Q

peripheral nervous system includes

A

everything else including facial and spinal nerves

75
Q

all neurotransmitters can be produced in the

A

cns

76
Q

supporting cells

A

glial cells

77
Q

provide structural support for neurons and regulate extracellular concentrations of ions and neurotransmitters

A

astrocytes

78
Q

form myelin sheaths around axons of many types of vertebrate neurons

A

schwann cells

79
Q

at rest, a neuron is positive (x) and negative (x)

A

outside, inside

80
Q

neurons transmits signal by

A

changing charge

81
Q

(x) matter has lots of schwann cells)

A

white

82
Q

what part of the nervous system does integration

A

cns

83
Q

what part of the nervous system does sensory input and motor output

A

pns

84
Q

the part of the brain that is controlled by the nerve cell bodies and the majority of the true dendrites (numerous, short, branching filaments that carry impulses towards the cell body). The cell body is the area of the neuron that is highlighted by the existence of a nucleus. has no myelin blanket; senses of the body (speech, hearing, feelings, seeing and memory) and control of the muscles; 40% of brain and 94% of O.

A

grey matter

85
Q

is a neuron that is made up of extending, myelinated nerve fibers, or axons. It composes the structures at the center of the brain, like the thalamus and the hypothalamus. It is found between the brainstem and the cerebellum; . It also controls the functions that the body is unaware of, like temperature, blood pressure and the heart rate. Dispensing of hormones and the control of food, as well as the intake of water and the exposition of emotions

A

white matter

86
Q

knee jerk reflex tests

A

coordination nd function of central nervous system (spinal cord)

87
Q

why do tails flop around when they become detached?

A

they are apart of the cns and have spinal cordi n them

88
Q

octupus has central nervous system in

A

limbs

89
Q

carries signals to and from skeletal muscles, mainly responding to external stimuli. Generally voluntary

A

somatic nervous system

90
Q

regulates the internal environment by controlling heart, digestive, excretory, and endocrine systems. Generally involuntary.

A

autonamic nervous system

91
Q

caused when different ions cross the neuron membrane. A stimulus first causes sodium channels to open. Because there are many more sodium ions on the outside, and the inside of the neuron is negative relative to the outside, sodium ions rush into the neuron

A

action potential

92
Q

the cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers and associated tissue that is enclosed in the spine and connects nearly all parts of the body to the brain, with which it forms the central nervous system.

A

spinal cord

93
Q

12 pairs of nerves that can be seen on the ventral (bottom) surface of the brain. Some of these nerves bring information from the sense organs to the brain; other cranial nerves control muscles; other cranial nerves are connected to glands or internal organs such as the heart and lungs.

A

cranial nerves

94
Q

a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. In the human body there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, one on each side of the vertebral column.

A

spinal nerve

95
Q

ways to study the nervous system

A

Morphologically, Behaviorally, Molecularly, Pharmacologically, Combination of techniques

96
Q

how to tell what part of the body causes a behavior

A

manipulate it by removing it and seeing if the individual can still do that function, Brain damage, see if it causes certain behavior , or if born with this defect

97
Q

what does an mri stand for

A

magnetic resonance imaging

98
Q

how does an mri work

A

looking at differences in water
Inference is that since there is a lot of water in blood then blood is heading to an area and meaning that part of the brain is working more
Can see if there is more exitory or inhibitory things going on

99
Q

as body size increases brain size

A

also increases

100
Q

different groups have (x) brain size to body ratio

A

different

101
Q

there is no correlation with human brain size and

A

intelligence

102
Q

transmits smell info

A

Olfactory lobe (bulb

103
Q

sensory processing

A

cerebrum

104
Q

motor control and cognitive function

A

cerebellum

105
Q

controls several visceral functions. Including breathing, heart, digestion

A

Medula oblongata

106
Q

the olfactory lobe is big in (x) and smaller in (x) because it is less used

A

amphibians and reptiles, mammals and birds

107
Q

the cerebrum is biggest in

A

mammals

108
Q

intelligence is determined by

A

brain wrinkles

109
Q

the brain becomes more (x) after traumatic brain injuries

A

smooth

110
Q

relay to the cerebral cortex, visual system input

A

thalamus

111
Q

long-term memory and spatial memory.

A

hippocampus

112
Q

homeostatic regulation

A

hypothalamus

113
Q

Hormone synthesis and release

A

pituitary

114
Q

emotional memory consolidation, fear conditioning.

A

amygdala

115
Q

(x) have very low left/right brain symmetry

A

schizophrenics

116
Q

“Environmentally induced” changes in morphology or activity of neurons.

A

neuroplasticity

117
Q

neuroplasticity occurs from

A

Hormones, Activity, Physiology

118
Q

effect of minimal stress on neurons

A

increase in cognitive and mental performances, neurogenesis

119
Q

effect of chronic/high stress

A

degreading neurogenesis and depression

120
Q

mothers stress impacts

A

fetus growth

Biology 1 (14 decks)

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