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Anatomy II > Anatomy Practical Exam > Flashcards

Anatomy Practical Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

Whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus

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2
Q

Accessory Organ

A

Organ that helps with digestion but is not part of the digestive tract

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3
Q

Peritoneal Cavity

A

Potential space between parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum

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4
Q

Gastroesophageal Sphincter

A

A ring of smooth muscle fibers connecting esophagus and stomach

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5
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A

Band of smooth muscle at junction of pylorus and duodenum

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6
Q

Duodenum

A

First part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach

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7
Q

Jejunum

A

Middle part of small intestine

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8
Q

Ileum

A

Third portion of small intestine

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9
Q

Colon

A

Long, coiled tubelike organ that removes water from digested foods

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10
Q

Pancreas (Digestive)

A

Large gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum

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11
Q

Liver

A

Large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates

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12
Q

Mucosa

A

Mucous membrane

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13
Q

Submucosa

A

Layer of areolar tissue beneath mucosa

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14
Q

Muscularis Externa

A

Region of muscle adjacent to submucosa

Responsible for peristalsis

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15
Q

Serosa

A

Tissue of serous membrane

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16
Q

Acinar Cells

A

Cluster of cells that resemble a “berry”

Produce pancreatic enzymes

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17
Q

Pancreatic Islet

A

Clusters of cells scattered throughout the pancreas that produce insulin

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18
Q

Liver Lobule

A

Unit of the liver consisting of masses of liver cells

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19
Q

Digestive Enzyme

A

Enzyme that breaks down polymeric macromolecules into building blocks

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20
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

Digestion using enzymes

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21
Q

Emulsification

A

The breakdown of fat globules in duodenum into tiny droplets

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22
Q

Bile

A

Bitter alkaline fluid that aids in digestion

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23
Q

Salivary Amylase

A

Source: Salivary glands
Function: Begins starch digestion in the mouth

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24
Q

Pepsin

A

Source: Stomach
Convertion: Converted from pepsinogen by HCl
Function: Digests proteins to shorter peptide chains, which then pass to the small intestine to complete digestion

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25
Q

Trypsin

A

Source: Pancreas
Convertion: Converted from trypsinogen by enterokinase
Function: Digests proteins

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26
Q

Pancreatic Lipase

A

Source: Pancreas
Function: Digests fat

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27
Q

Brush Border Enzymes

A

Source: Small intestine
Function: Carry out some of the final stages of chemical digestion

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28
Q

Endocrine Organ

A

Glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones directly into the blood

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29
Q

Hormone

A

Regulatory substance transported in tissue fluids to stimulate specific cells

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30
Q

Target Tissue

A

Tissue or organ that is affected by a hormone

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31
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Counteraction of an effect by its own influence

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32
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Region of the forebrain below the thalamus that coordinates autonomic nervous system and pituitary

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33
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Ductless gland that regulates growth and development through metabolism

34
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

Produce parathyroid hormones

Usually have four

35
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Conical mass of tissue behind the third ventricle of the brain secreting hormone-like substances

36
Q

Thymus

A

Lymphoid organ that produces T Cells

37
Q

Pancreas (Endocrine)

A

Secretes hormones such as insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar

38
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Outer portion of the adrenal gland that produces steroid hormones to regulate carbohydrate and fat metabolism

39
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Inner part of adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

40
Q

Ovaries

A

Produce ova/eggs

41
Q

Testes

A

Produce spermatozoa

42
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

Secreted from: Posterior Pituitary
Stimulus: Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus when water decreases
Target Tissue: Kidneys

43
Q

Oxytocin

A

Secreted from: Posterior Pituitary
Stimulus: Nerve impulses from hypothalamus or cervix
Target Tissue: Uterus, mammary glands

44
Q

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

A

Secreted from: Anterior Pituitary
Stimulus: TRH from the hypothalamus
Target Tissue: Thyroid

45
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A

Secreted from: Anterior Pituitary
Stimulus: CRH from hypothalamus
Target Tissue: Adrenal Cortex

46
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Secreted from: Anterior Pituitary
Stimulus: GHRH from hypothalamus
Target Tissue: Liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, fat

47
Q

Prolactin

A

Secreted from: Anterior Pituitary
Stimulus: PRH from hypothalamus
Target Tissue: Mammary glands, testes

48
Q

Melatonin

A

Secreted from: Pineal Gland
Stimulus: Dark increases, light decreases
Target Tissue: Brain

49
Q

Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine

T3 and T4

A

Secreted from: Thyroid
Stimulus: Increased metabolic rate
Target Tissue: Most tissues

50
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secreted from: Thyroid
Stimulus: Hypercalcemia
Target Tissue: Bone

51
Q

Thymosin and Thymopoietin

A

Secreted from: Thymus
Stimulus: Immune development
Target Tissue: Immune cells (T lymphocytes)

52
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Secreted from: Parathyroids
Stimulus: Hypocalcemia
Target Tissue: Bone, kidneys, small intestine

53
Q

Cortisol

A

Secreted from: Adrenal Cortex
Stimulus: ACTH from anterior pituitary during stress
Target Tissue: Most tissues

54
Q

Aldosterone

A

Secreted from: Adrenal Cortex
Stimulus: Decreased sodium, increased blood calcium, decreased blood volume/blood pressure
Target Tissue: Kidney

55
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A

Secreted from: Adrenal Medulla
Stimulus: Sympathetic impulses from the hypothalamus
Target Tissue: Most tissues

56
Q

Insulin

A

Secreted from: Pancreatic Islets
Stimulus: Hyperglycemia
Target Tissue: Most tissues

57
Q

Glucagon

A

Secreted from: Pancreatic Islets
Stimulus: Hypoglycemia
Target Tissue: Primarily liver

58
Q

Testes

A

Organs that produce spermatozoa

59
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A

Specific location of meiosis in the testes

60
Q

Epididymis

A

Highly convoluted duct behind the testes from where sperm passes to the vas deferens

61
Q

Vas Deferens

A

Duct that conveys sperm from testicles to urethra

62
Q

Spermatic Cord

A

Bundle of nerves, ducts, and blood vessels connecting testicles to the abdomen

63
Q

Seminal Vesicle

A

Each of a pair of glands that open into the vas deferens near its junction and secretes components of semen

64
Q

Prostate Gland

A

Gland surrounding the neck of the male bladder that releases prostatic fluid

65
Q

Corpus Spongiosum

A

Mass of erectile tissue along the corpora cavernosa

66
Q

Corpora Cavernosa

A

Mass of erectile tissue forming the penis

67
Q

Ovarian Follicles

A

Fluid-filled structure where ovum develops before ovulation

68
Q

Uterine Tube

A

Transport ovum from ovary to uterus

69
Q

Uterus

A

Where offspring are conceived and gestate

70
Q

Cervix

A

Necklike passage on the lower end of the uterus

71
Q

Vagina

A

Muscular tube from external genitals to cervix

72
Q

Vulva

A

Female external genitals

73
Q

Mammary Glands

A

Milk-producing glands

74
Q

Meiosis I

A

Cell division that produces reproductive cells

75
Q

Meiosis II

A

Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

76
Q

Haploid

A

Single set of unpaired chromosomes

77
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Formation of sperm

78
Q

Oogenesis

A

Formation of ovum

79
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and nuclear envelope disappears
Crossing over occurs

80
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes become attached to spindle fibers

81
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle

82
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed

Anatomy II (16 decks)

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