5.6-5.9 The Exocrine System Flashcards

Question

Where is the post cerebral gland located and what is its function?

Answer 1

A salivary gland located behind the brain, it secretes saliva directly into outlet ducts.

Answer 2

It develops from the silk gland in larvae and has a reservoir.

Answer 3

In the 5th tarsome of each leg of the worker bee.

Answer 4

Found on the 5th tarsomere of each leg of Q and W. Produce foot print odour. Essential for surpressing q cell production (cells above q excluder). Foragers leave a foot print odour on flowers they visit. Lasting for 4 hours at 25oC and 4 days at 5oC

Answer 5

16% hydrocarbons 31% straight-chain monohydric alcohols 3% diols 31% acids 13% hydroxyl acids 6% other substances

Answer 6

70% esters 1% alcohols 10% acids 13% hydrocarbons

Answer 7

Front of head on each side behind compound eyes

Answer 8

Head - Above mandibles

Answer 9

On the free edges of abdominal tergites A3-5 of queens

Answer 10

A light brown band accross the abdomen Exposed on the dorsal surface of the 7th abdominal segment when the bee flexes its abdomen. A pale thin strip on the intersegmental membrane between the terga of A6 and A7 It consists of glandular cells which secrete pheromone through c. 600 ducts (or tiny pores) into a groove between the 6th and 7th tergite. The glandular cells are beneath this canal.

Answer 11

The glands are believed to be located on the inner surface of the quadrate plates on the abdomen. The pheromone is a powerful alarm pheromone the main chemical being isophentyl acetate which inhibits foraging and scenting.

Answer 12

Sting Chamber

Answer 13

Behind brain

Answer 14

In the thorax

Answer 15

Sternites A4-7

Answer 16

Brood food and royal jelly, which contains 10 hydroxyl-2-deconic acid (10 HDA), the principal fatty acid in brood food and royal jelly that acts as a preservative.

Answer 17

Alarm pheromone, specifically 2-heptanone, which is issued by guard bees to ward off robbers and initiate a stinging response from other bees.

Answer 18

Pheromones used in mating and as part of the queen substance, which inhibits the building of queen cells and the development of workers’ ovaries while attracting workers to the queen. Main components include 9-oxo-2-deconic acid (attracts drones for mating) and 9-hydroxyl-2-deconic acid (holds swarms together).

Answer 19

The lumen (centre space) of the gland acts as a resevoir under pressure. The outlet is oval in shape and can be opened and closed allowing the secretion to be released as required. The secretion runs down a groove in the mandible.

Answer 20

Much larger in the queen. It produces a pheromone, known as "queen mandibular pheromone (QMP)", which plays a crucial role in regulating the behaviour and development of worker bees within the colony, essentially maintaining social order by inhibiting ovary development in workers and influencing colony functions like queen rearing and foraging activity.

Answer 21

In queen is vestigial or very small and non-functional compared to worker bees. It produces minimal to no secretions as the queen does not need to produce royal jelly to feed larvae, which is the primary function of the hypopharyngeal gland in worker bees.

Answer 22

Either underdeveloped or missing completely with the exception of mandibular gland which is still smaller than in the queen or worker and produces pheromones that attract virgin queens to the DCA during mating flights

Answer 23

1. In the posterior part of the abdomen. 2. At the end of each long tubule a glandular enlargement secretes venom which passes into the tubules. 3. Before entering the poison sac these tubules combine into a common duct. 4. This duct joins the anterior end of the poison sac. 5. Here the venom is stored until required.

Answer 24

1. Phospholipase A (Breaks down cell membrane, causes pain) 2. Hyaluronidase (Hydrolyzes connective tissue; opens up passages between cells for other components) 3. Acid phosphatase (Involved in allergic reaction, possibly nausea) 4. Mellitin (Breakdown membrane of blood and mast cells (mast cells are a form of white cell which have a role in the immune system). Histamine and serotonin released by mast cells lowers blood pressure and respiration 5. Histamine (Itching, pain)

Answer 25

1. Three **plates** (per lancet) which along with muscles drive the associated lancet and valve to the bulb 2. The **shaft** comprising the lancets and a stylet which expands into the bulb via an umbrella valve for each lancet, the valve opens when the lancet is extended and closes when it is removed from the victim 3. **Venom sac** which holds the venom and is connected to the bulb 4. **Poison glands** (acid glands) which secrete the venom into the sac 5. **Dufour gland** (alkaline gland) which opens to the sting chamber to lubricate the stylet and to possibly neutralise any leaked venom Before stinging the bee positions itself perpendicular to the victim by contracting ventral sclerites and extending dorsal sclerites.

Answer 26

1. During mating attracts drones 2. Incites populatory behaviour 3. Supress ovary development in workers 4. Stimulate retinue behaviour in workers.

Answer 27

The glands one on each side, of the workers head, each having it own duct and connected to the hypopharyngeal plate. Look like bunches of grapes The two connections are on the underside of the plate and the secretions runs down the upper side and collects in the labial base. The secretion is led to the larvae the bees using its mandibles to direct the brood food into the cell. Each gland consists of 100’s of pear shaped acinis each with a short duct connecting to the main axial duct. They are no apparent opening or closing valves on these glands but it is being suggested that the movement of the hypopharyngeal plate could kink the duct and stop the flow. The size of the gland depends on the duties and it is at its largest where the bee is a few days old working as a nurse bee. The glands produce a clear liquid (protein) which combines with secretions from the mandibular glands and is known as brood food or royal jelly. Later these glands shrink and are the source of invertase in the foraging bee.

Answer 28

- White, produced by the mandibular gland - Clear, produced by the hypopharyngeal gland - Yellow, from pollen Composition of feed: - Queen larva (Royal Jelly) o First three days mostly white o Last two days ratio white to clear 1:1 - Worker (Brood Food) o white:clear:yellow in ratio 2:9:3 average Points to note: - queen is fed 10 times volume of worker, queen “swims” in royal jelly, worker fed as needed - larva up to 3 days old transferred between cell types and hence feed change will mature to appropriate caste i.e. queen cell produces queen, worker produces worker. - Larva transferred 3-4 days old will mature to appropriate caste but may exhibit traits of other caste e.g. pollen baskets on queen. - Sugar composition in royal jelly is 34% and in brood food 12% for first three days. Brood food rises to 47% after 3 days with addition of honey to mixture. Sugar stimulates to consume more. - Higher levels of Juvenile Hormone in larva triggers queen development, royal jelly stimulates JH production by the early development of the endocrine system

Answer 29

* 67% water, * 12.5% crude protein, including small amounts of many different amino acids, * 11% simple sugars (monosaccharides), also including a relatively high amount (5%) of fatty acids. The main acid is the 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA) (about 2 - 3%). * It also contains many trace minerals, some enzymes, antibacterial and antibiotic components, pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), pyridoxine ( vitamin B6) and trace amounts of vitamin C,[2] but none of the fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K.

Answer 30

1. 15-25% protein, 1. 30-60% sugars, 1. lipids decline in volume with age of larva 1. unprocessed pollen also added.

Answer 31

Pheromones are substances which are secretred to the outside by an individual and received by a second individual of the same species in which they release a specific reaction which may be behavioural, developmental or physiological.

Answer 32

* Largest in the queen. Smallest in the drone. One gland on each side of the head above the mandibles. * In the worker when on nurse duties produces 10 hydroxyl-2-deconic acid (10 HDA) which is the principal fatty acid in brood food and royal jelly and acts as a preservative. * When worker bees start foraging it produces 2-heptanone which is an alarm pheromone. * In the queen it produces queen substance: * 9-oxo-2-deconic acid (9ODA), which attracts drones in mating. * 9-hydroxyl-2-decaonic acid (9HDA), which holds swarms together. * Inside the hive queen substance inhibits the production of queen cells, inhibits the development of workers’ ovaries and attracts workers to the queen.

Answer 33

* Worker bee only. * Situated on the dorsal surface secreting a pheromone via some 600 ducts in a groove between the 6th and 7th tergites. Only exposed when the bee stretches its abdomen. * Pheromone used for marking and orientation, e.g. marking a new home , attracting the queen back home after a mating flight, keeping a swarm together. * The main chemical

Answer 34

* Only on the queen. Located on the free edges of the abdominal tergites A3, A4 and A5. * The queen grooms herself three or four times every hour spreading her pheromones over her exocuticle. The queen’s court pay particular attention to her abdomen and so awareness of the queen’s presence is spread round the colony. * Composition is unknown.

Answer 35

* Believed to be located on the quadrate plates. * Produces a powerful alarm pheromone isophentyl acetate, which inhibits foraging and scenting. * Elicits a sting response in other bees and recruits other bees to act as guard bees.

Answer 36

* Bigger in queens. * Part of sting apparatus. * Reflects the fertility and fecundity o the queen or worker.

Answer 37

* Found on the 5th tarsomere of each leg. Produces footprint odour essential for suppressing queen cell production. * Foragers leave foot print odour on flowers they visit. Last 4 hours at 25C and 4 days at 5C.

Answer 38

* Tiny cluster of cells in the sting chamber of the queen. Its main ducts open between the overlapping spiracle and the quadrate plates * Free quotes Butler and Simpson who determined that the pheromone produced was possibly a source of attraction to court bees, i.e an element of queen substance.

Answer 39

* Mandibular, * Tarsal, * Dufour’s, * Koschevnikov * Tergite glands

Answer 40

The wax glands are located inside the exoskeleton on sternites A4-A7 inclusive. Each pair of glands is situated at the front of its sternum so that the sternum of the previous segment overlaps it.

Answer 41

The cellular mass is composed of oenocytes and fat cells.

Answer 42

Bees have four pairs of wax glands.

Answer 43

The wax glands secrete a liquid that oxidizes into wax in the wax pockets.

Answer 44

They are known collectively as the 'waistcoat pockets'.

Answer 45

Wax is secreted at a temperature of 33-36°C.

Answer 46

1 lb of honey is needed to produce 5-8 lbs of wax.

Answer 47

Wax glands are best developed in worker bees that are 12-18 days old.

Answer 48

Bees hang in festoons near the building site, waiting for the wax to form.

Answer 49

The wax glands are covered with fat bodies.

Answer 50

The main constituents of wax are: - Monohydric alcohols 31% - Fatty acids 31% - Hydrocarbons 16% - Hydroxyl acids 13% - Other substances 6% - Diols 3%

Answer 51

Wax is normally white but can be tinted yellow by pigments from pollen.

Answer 52

In newly emerged workers, the wax gland consists of flat epithelial cells.

Answer 53

By day 14, the cells have enlarged longitudinally and are richly supplied with trachea.

Answer 54

Queenlessness inhibits wax production.

Answer 55

* The ingredients for wax are made in the oenocytes above the glands. * The components pass to the columnar cells of the wax glands and a liquid pours into the spaces between those cells * This then passes through the waz mirrorss which are perforated by an enourmous number of fine canals and hardens to a small transparent flake of wax, the same shape as the wax mirror. * The flake of wax is extruded from the pocket made by the overlapping sterna. * Several flakes of wax may build up on a single wax mirror at times. * The bee removes the wax flakes with its hind legs.It is then passed to the mandibles via the basitarsus for manipulation into comb, cappings etc.

5.6-5.9 The Exocrine System Flashcards

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