Antibiotics and Infection

Question 1

Name the four types of gram positive rods (bacilli)?

Answer 1

1. Bacillus
2. Coryne bacterium
3. Listeria
4. Clostridium

Question 2

Name four things to note from a presentation with diptheriae?

Answer 2

Croup like cough
Smelly nasal discharge
Swollen bull neck

Question 3

Describe how to distinguish between gram positive cocci?

Answer 3

Streptococcus = catalase (-ve)
Staphylococcus = catalase (+ve)

Question 4

Name 5 types of gram positive streptococcus?

Answer 4

1. Group A strep (strep pyogenes) (tonilitis) (beta-clear)
2. Group B strep (Ill baby) (beta-clear)
3. Enteococcus (gamma)
4. Strep pneumoniae (pneumonia) (alpha-green)
5. Strep viridens (mouth comensal - subacute bacterial endocarditis) (alpha-green)

Question 5

Which gram positive streptococcus organisms lead to UTI?

Answer 5

Enterococcus

Group B strep

Question 6

Name the three types of gram positive staphylococcus?

Answer 6

1. Staph aureus - coagulase (+ve)
2. Staph saprophiticus - coagulase (-ve) - CA UTI
3. Staph epidermis - coagulase (-ve) - skin infection

Question 7

Name five types of infection that can be caused by Staph aureus?

Answer 7

Skin and soft tissue
Pneumonia 
Infective endocarditis
Osteomyelitis 
Septic arthritis

Question 8

Name the two types of gram negative cocci?

Answer 8

Nieserria meningitidis

Nieserria gonorrhoea

Question 9

Name two types of gram negative coccoid-rods?

Answer 9

Bordatella pertusis

Haemophilus influenza

Question 10

Name four infections commonly caused by H.influenza?

Answer 10

Epiglotitis
Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia

Question 11

Name six types of gram negative rods?

Answer 11

Klebsiella
E coli
Morganella
Proteus
Pseudomonas
H.pylori

Question 12

Name three types of mycobateria which do not gram stain?

Answer 12

1. Mycoplasma
2. Chlamydia
3. Legionella

Question 13

Name the five bacterial areas that antibacterial drugs can target?

Answer 13

Cell membrane (gram negative ONLY)
Cell wall - B-lactams
Chromosomes - Trimethoprim
Cytoplasm - Metronidazol
Ribsomes - Macrolides and Tetracycline

Question 14

Name a drug which targets the bacterial cell membrane and describe its mechanism of action?

Answer 14

Collistin
Acts likea detergent - interacts with and disrupts phospholipids on the cell membrane
Gram NEGATIVE bacteria ONLY have outer cell membranes

Question 15

Describe how B-lactams work to target the cell wall of bacteria and how are they excreted and what is their major S/E?

Answer 15

Inhibit bacteria cell wall formation by inhibiting the cross-linking with peptidoglycan (via binding to penicillin-binding-protiens) = bactericidal
Excreted renally

Question 16

Name from narrow spec - broad spec order 4 types of penicillin (B-lactam)?

Answer 16

(FACaT)

1. Flucoxacillin (Gram positive ONLY - cellulitis/septic A) = Penicillinase resistant
2. Amoxicillin - can cross BBB (meningitis)
3. Co-Amoxiclav - deeper skin infections and intra-abdo
4. Tazocin - very good gram (+VE and -VE) cover

Question 17

Name and describe a first generation cephalosporin (B-lactam)?

Answer 17

1st generation = Cephalexin PO
Skin infections and UTI
Both grams covered and anaerobic cover

Question 18

Name and describe a second generation cephalosporin (B-lactam)?

Answer 18

2nd generation = Cefuroxime IV
Both grams covered but NO anaerobic cover
S/E - c.diff

Question 19

Name and describe a third generation cephalosporin (B-lactam)?

Answer 19

3rd generation = Cefotaxime IV
Broad Gram NEGATIVE cover however decreased gram positive
Crosses BBB - Meningitis

Question 20

Name three common side effects of B-lactams? (Penicillins and cephalosporins)

Answer 20

GI disturbances (c.diff)
Hepatitis and cholecystitis
Amoxicillin - EBV - RASH