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EXCI 445 FINAL EXAM > Micronutrients > Flashcards

Micronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

Glossitis is a deficiency of

A

Riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), biotin, vit B6, vit B12, folate, iron, zinc and even drug-nutrient interactions

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2
Q

Pallor is a deficiency of

A

iron, folate, copper, biotin, vit B12

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3
Q

Vitamins contain what vs. minerals?

A

Vitamins contain C, H, O and also can contain N and metal irons like copper or sulfer.

Minerals: No C

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4
Q

of vitamins identified vs. minerals identified

A

Vitamins: 13

Minerals: 20

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5
Q

Vitamins vs. minerals: do they take up mass?

A

Vitamins: take no part in body mass

Minerals: make up some mass

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6
Q

Which are structural: vitamins or minerals?

A

minerals:

calcium, phosphorus, fluorine are structural for bones and teeth

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7
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

A, D,E,K

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8
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin C, B-complex vitamins, biotin.

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9
Q

Which are stored: fat-soluble or water-soluble?

A

fat-soluble vitamins are stored in fat, cell membranes, liver

water-soluble vitamins are not stored, EXCEPT FOR B12

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10
Q

Fat-soluble vs water soluble: is daily intake required?

A

Fat-soluble: daily intake not required because some storage

Water-soluble: voided in urine therefore daily intake is required

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11
Q

Fat-soluble vs water soluble: are they required from the diet?

A

Fat-soluble: can get from diet but also sun (D) and bacteria (K)

Water-soluble: yes

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12
Q

Major role of Vitamin A

A

maintains epithelial tissues in skin, mucous membranes and visual pigments of eye: promotes bone development and immune function

  • acts on gene expression, cell differentiation and division
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13
Q

Vitamin A deficiencies

A

Affects: reproduction, epithelial tissues such as skin and eyes, bone development, mucous secretion and immune function.

Skin: Follicular hyperkeratosis - immature skin cells do not mature and are unable to secrete protective mucous. (they secrete keratin and become hard, dry epithelial cells)

Eyes: bitot’s spot, ulcer xerosis, keratomalacia and corneal scar

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14
Q

Vitamin D major role

A

increases calcium absorption in gut and promotes bone formation

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15
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

weak bones (rickets or osteomalacia)

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16
Q

Vitamin D in excess (NOT FROM SUN)

A 
} Nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting
}  Hypercalcemia (chronic high calcium in blood)
}  Calcification of soft tissues: kidney, blood vessels, etc. 
}  Joint pain
}  Muscular weakness
}  Heart arrhythmias
}  Depressed nervous system 
}  Constipation
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17
Q

Vitamin E major role

A

defends against free radicals, protects cell membranes

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18
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

in book: hemolysis and anemia

in slides: cell membrane damage, cause a lack of energy with decreased physical functioning. Muscle weakness, loss of motor coordination, and anemia

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19
Q

Vitamin E excess

A

in book: headache, fatigue, diarrhea

in slides: affects vitamin K’s blood clotting function. Excess bleeding (risk hemorhagic stroke), easy bruising

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20
Q

Vitamin A excess

A

headache, nausea, fatigue, liver damage, joint pain, peeling skin, abnormal fetal development in pregnancy

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21
Q

Vitamin K major role

A

forms blood clotting factors

  • gut bacteria can synthesize
  • adds sugars to proteins
22
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

severe bleeding and hemorrhage

23
Q

Vitamin K excess

A

clotting thrombosis

24
Q

Which fat-soluble vitamin for fish?

A

A and D

25
Q

Which fat-soluble vitamin for dairy?

A

A and D

26
Q

Which fat-soluble vitamin for green leafy vegetables?

A

A and K

27
Q

General deficiencies with water-soluble vitamins

A

premature fatigue, unable to maintain heavy training, slow wound healing

28
Q

Vitamin C major role

A

antioxidant
wound healing
cartilage and connective tissue formation

29
Q

Vitamin C in excess

A

diarrhea, urinary stone formation/kidney stones, impaired copper absorption

30
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A 
scurvy
slow wound healing
infections
bleeding gums 
weakness
31
Q

Thiamin (B1) major role

A

forms coenzyme with thiamine pyrophosphate; promotes carb metabolism and central nervous system function

32
Q

Thiamin (B1) deficiency

A

loss of appetite, apathy, depression, beriberi, pain in calves

33
Q

Niacin (B3) deficiency

A

Glossitis, angular cheliosis

Pellagra - 4 ‘D’s: Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia and Death

Potential causes: alcoholism, protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

34
Q

Niacin (B3) excess

A

10x RDA – skin flushing around face and neck (also burning and tingling)

35
Q

Major minerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, chloride, potassium, sulfur

36
Q

trace minerals

A

iron, zinc, chromium, fluoride, copper, cobalt, manganese, iodine, molybdenum, selenium, arsenic, boron, nickel and silicon

37
Q

Major role of calcium

A

bone and teeth

muscle contraction

38
Q

Major role of Chlorine

A

promotes nerve impulse conduction and HCl formation in stomach

39
Q

Major role of Mg

A

bone component

40
Q

Major role of potassium

A

promotes Membrane potential, nerve impulse generation, muscle contraction

41
Q

Major role of phosphorus

A

Promotes bone formation; buffer in muscle contraction

42
Q

Major role of sodium

A

promotes bone formation, buffer in muscle contraction

43
Q

Major role of sulfur

A

acid base balance, liver function

44
Q

Major role of cobalt

A

forms component of B12 needed for RBC development

45
Q

Major role of copper

A

promotes normal iron absorption

46
Q

Major role of fluorine

A

bone and teeth formation

47
Q

Major role of iodine

A

Forms component of thyroid hormone T3 and T4

48
Q

Major role of iron

A

transports oxygen

49
Q

Major role of manganese

A

bone formation

50
Q

Major role of selenium

A

forms cofactor with glutathione peroxidase

51
Q

Major role of zinc

A

promotes protein synthesis, antioxidant activity

52
Q

Micronutrients that function as building blocks of tissues (bones and teeth)

A

calcium, Mg, phosphorus, fluorine, vitamin D, vitamin K, vitamin C

EXCI 445 FINAL EXAM (2 decks)

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